Table 4 Estimated associations of children’s problem behaviour with their parents’ childhood abuse and psychological distress^a

 Mother: abused

2.44*

(1.04–5.71)

1.74

(0.68–4.45)

2.91*

(1.11–7.65)

1.99

(0.69–5.74)

 Father: abused

1.30

(0.48–3.53)

1.06

(0.39–2.85)

1.68

(0.56–5.04)

1.22

(0.36–4.12)

 Mother: psychological distress^b

3.39***

(1.87–6.13)

5.67***

(2.53–12.7)

 Father: psychological distress

1.47

(0.80–2.70)

1.46

(0.67–3.15)

 Mother: abused

2.28

(0.90–5.80)

1.83

(0.75–4.43)

2.26

(0.99–5.14)

1.95

(0.91–4.18)

 Father: abused

3.18**

(1.43–7.08)

3.01**

(1.36–6.67)

2.94**

(1.43–6.05)

2.55*

(1.21–5.40)

 Mother: psychological distress

3.18***

(1.77–5.70)

2.24***

(1.23–4.09)

 Father: psychological distress

1.29

(0.69–2.40)

1.90*

(1.03–3.52)