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Table 5 Multilevel analyses exploring interaction effects by sex between baseline (T0) and one year follow-up (T2)

From: Effect of a sport-for-health intervention (SmokeFree Sports) on smoking-related intentions and cognitions among 9-10 year old primary school children: a controlled trial

  

Mean differencea (T2-T0: M ± SD or %)

Intervention* sexb (crude model)

Boysc

 

Girlsc

Outcome measure

 

Boys

Girls

β or RR (95 % CI)

P

β or RR (95 % CI)

P

β or RR (95 % CI)

P

Smoking intentions

         

 Total non-smoking intentions

I

0.10 ± 1.2

0.00 ± 0.7

−0.01d (−0.21, 0.19)

0.89

n/a

-

n/a

-

 

C

0.06 ± 1.4

0.06 ± 0.9

      

Cigarette refusal self-efficacy

         

 Total refusal self-efficacy

I

0.84 ± 3.4

0.27 ± 3.0

−0.20d(−0.78, 0.39)

0.51

n/a

-

n/a

-

 

C

0.37 ± 3.8

0.53 ± 3.7

      

Attitudes towards smoking

         

 Smoking is bad for health (‘definitely yes’)

I

8.3

2.5

1.02e (1.00, 1.04)

0.17

n/a

-

n/a

-

 

C

10.5

6.3

      

 Safe to smoke…year or two (‘definitely not’)

I

−0.5

−0.9

0.94e (0.76, 1.17)

0.64

n/a

-

n/a

-

 

C

−2.6

3.1

      

 Difficult to quit once started (‘definitely yes’)

I

7.8

4.0

1.03e (0.81, 1.31)

0.84

n/a

-

n/a

-

 

C

6.2

7.1

      

 Others smoke harmful to you (‘definitely yes’)

I

1.6

−1.7

1.11e (0.77, 2.15)

0.41

n/a

-

n/a

-

 

C

−0.9

−3.2

      

 Affects sports performance (‘definitely yes’)

I

25.1

21.3

1.05e (0.83, 1.32)

0.73

n/a

-

n/a

-

 

C

5.3

−2.3

      

 Makes you gain or lose weight (‘no difference’)

I

−2.5

−1.7

0.99e (0.26, 3.70)

0.99

n/a

-

n/a

-

 

C

1.8

−8.7

      
  1. Notes: β = beta coefficient; RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval; I = intervention group; C = comparison. Where crude analyses were significant, adjusted analyses (i.e., interaction term included in adjusted multilevel models) were conducted with results for each sex shown
  2. aUnadjusted within-group mean difference (one year follow-up minus baseline)
  3. bAdjusted for group and baseline value of the outcome measure
  4. cAdditionally adjusted for school and deprivation level, sex, age, ethnicity, other individual smoking-related cognitions at baseline, enjoyment of physical activity and mother/father/sibling/friend smoking
  5. dβ value
  6. eRelative risk