Table 4 Estimates of intervention effect on potential mediators among men, comparing outcome in intervention versus control communities
| Â | Baseline | Follow-up | Â | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | aRRa (95 % CI) |
COMMUNITY LEVELb | EA-level mean risk % (sd) n = 16 | EA-level mean risk % (sd) n = 16 | Mean difference (95 % CI) | EA-level mean risk % (sd) n = 24 | Mean difference (95 % CI) |
  Community responses to prevent violence: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Okay for others in community to intervene if they know IPV is occurring | - | - | 92.5 (6.6) | 42.8 (11.9) | 47.6 (21.9–73.3) |
  People who have witnessed/heard violence who have responded appropriately | - | - | 62.8 (15.1) | 26.1 (10.7) | 33.3 (−4.0–70.6) |
  Norms around violence: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Acceptable for a man to use violence against his partner | 27.7 (17.2) | 25.2 (15.8) | 7.3 (5.8) | 85.6 (6.6) | −75.5 (−92.4– −58.7) |
  Norms around women’s control over sex: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Acceptable for a woman to refuse sex with her partner | 53.5 (18.3) | 55.6 (14.0) | 97.5 (2.6) | 75.4 (12.9) | 23.0 (1.0–45.0) |
  Okay for a woman to ask her husband to use a condom | - | - | 88.6 (12.2) | 43.6 (8.8) | 41.8 (17.8–65.8) |
  Broader gender norms: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Others in community would respect a man who made decisions jointly with his wife | - | - | 88.9 (10.5) | 38.9 (10.9) | 48.3 (29.7–66.9) |
  Man’s role to decide if his wife can work | - | - | 14.8 (10.6) | 83.6 (5.4) | −67.0 (−82.1– −51.9) |
RELATIONSHIP LEVEL (PARTNERED IN PAST YEAR) | n/N (%) | n/N (%) | n/N (%) | n/N (%) | aRR (95 % CI) |
  Communication: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Discuss things that happen in day | 275/313 (88 %) | 292/335 (87 %) | 523/545 (96 %) | 318/434 (73 %) | 1.30 (0.98–1.72) |
  Discuss worries | 270/313 (86 %) | 294/335 (88 %) | 525/545 (96 %) | 326/434 (75 %) | 1.28 (1.00–1.64) |
  Discuss what you both like during sex | - | - | 481/544 (88 %) | 226/434 (52 %) | 1.70 (1.22–2.37) |
  Appreciate work partner does around house | - | - | 385/409 (94 %) | 231/326 (71 %) | 1.32 (1.04–1.69) |
  Appreciate work partner does outside house | - | - | 228/283 (81 %) | 128/244 (52 %) | 1.61 (1.04–2.50) |
  Power dynamics: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Joint decision making | 208/234 (89 %) | 229/262 (87 %) | 378/443 (85 %) | 165/356 (46 %) | 1.90 (1.28–2.80) |
  Man helps around house | 180/304 (59 %) | 214/330 (65 %) | 396/411 (96 %) | 229/326 (70 %) | 1.42 (0.98–2.05) |
  Woman refused a job because husband doesn’t want her to work | 26/313 (8 %) | 26/335 (8 %) | 27/506 (5 %) | 123/410 (30 %) | 0.12 (0.02–0.89) |
  Woman participated in deciding how household finances spent | 234/306 (76 %)* | 271/327 (83 %)* | 416/449 (93 %) | 218/345 (63 %) | 1.48 (1.11–1.97) |
  Additional sex partners: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Concurrent partners | 109/270 (40 %) | 105/284 (37 %) | 139/508 (27 %) | 177/397 (45 %) | 0.60 (0.37–0.97) |
  Male partner often suspicious that female partner is unfaithful | - | - | 76/620 (12 %) | 221/525 (42 %) | 0.19 (0.02–1.60) |
  Relationship dissolution: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Separated/divorced in past year | 3/307 (1 %) | 5/330 (2 %) | 7/545 (1 %) | 12/435 (3 %) | 0.52 (0.15–1.83) |
INDIVIDUALS (PARTNERED IN PAST YEAR) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Attitudes around violence: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Acceptable for a man to use violence against his partner | 81/313 (26 %) | 83/335 (25 %) | 119/624 (19 %) | 454/525 (86 %) | 0.14 (0.02–1.11) |
  Okay for a woman to tell others if she is experiencing violence | - | - | 571/624 (92 %) | 221/525 (42 %) | 2.24 (1.39–3.61) |
  Attitudes towards women’s control over sex: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Acceptable for a woman to refuse sex with her partner | 164/313 (52 %) | 184/335 (55 %) | 608/624 (97 %) | 400/525 (76 %) | 1.30 (0.96–1.78) |
  Okay for a woman to ask her husband to use a condom | - | - | 536/624 (86 %) | 245/525 (47 %) | 1.86 (1.28–2.70) |
  Broader gender attitudes: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Others in community would respect a man who made decisions jointly with his wife | - | - | 541/624 (87 %) | 202/525 (38 %) | 2.27 (1.53–3.36) |
  Man’s role to decide if his wife can work | - | - | 192/624 (31 %) | 448/525 (85 %) | 0.27 (0.06–1.25) |
  Behaviours: |  |  |  |  |  |
  Drunk at least once a month | 92/311 (30 %) | 110/329 (33 %) | 162/619 (26 %) | 200/525 (38 %) | 0.69 (0.38–1.27) |
  Woman experiencing (man perpetrating) violence who has told someone | 39/105 (37 %) | 50/116 (43 %) | 101/181 (56 %) | 172/452 (38 %) | 1.50 (0.80–2.83) |