Table 2 The overall prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension according to selected population characteristics

Overall

47.9 (47.0- 49.0)

53.2 (51.9-54.5)

38.2 (36.9 -39.5)

72.3 (70.6 – 73.9)

15.9 (14.9-16.9)

30.3 (28.7 – 32.0)

30.7 (28.7 -32.7)

 Urban

44.9 (43.6 – 46.2)

54.1 (52.2 – 56.1)

42.0 (40.1 – 43.9)

78.4 (76.2 – 80.6)

18.9 (17.4 – 20.4)

35.6 (33.1 – 38.1)

36.5 (33.7 – 39.4)

 Rural

51.2 (49.8 – 52.4)

52.3 (50.5 – 54.2)

34.7 (32.9 – 36.4)

66.4 (63.9 – 68.8)

13.1 (11.8 – 14.4)

25.2 (22.9 – 27.5)

24.2 (21.4 – 26.9)

 P-value

< 0.001*

0.190

<0.001*

<0.001*

<0.001*

< 0.001*

<0.001*

 Male

50.9 (49.5 – 52.3)

49.5 (47.6 – 51.5)

35.9 (34.0 – 37.8)

73.0 (70.5 – 75.5)

14.2 (12.8 – 15.5)

29.0 (26.5 – 31.6)

30.4 (27.3 – 33.4)

 Female

45.6 (44.3 – 46.8)

56.4 (54.6 -58.2)

40.2 (38.4 – 42.0)

71.7 (69.5 – 73.9)

17.4 (16.1 – 18.8)

31.3 (29.1 – 33.6)

31.0 (28.3 – 33.7)

 P-value

<0.001*

<0.001*

0.001*

0.428

0.001 *

0.185

0.757

 30-39

19.1 (16.9 – 21.3)

35.3 (29.2 – 41.4)

19.6 (14.5 – 24.7)

55.4 (44.7 – 66.2)

13.1 (8.8 – 17.5)

37.3 (26.9 – 47.8)

37.0 (22.8 – 51.1)

 40-49

35.7 (34.0 – 37.3)

48.0 (45.1 – 50.9)

29.5 (26.9 – 32.1)

61.8 (57.8 – 65.9)

17.1 (14.9 – 19.2)

36.0 (32.0 – 40.0)

33.9 (28.9 – 38.9)

 50-59

51.6 (49.9 – 53.2)

53.2 (50.9 – 55.5)

39.1 (36.9 – 41.4)

74.1 (71.3 – 76.8)

16.2 (14.5 – 17.9)

30.7 (27.8 – 33.6)

31.9 (28.5 – 35.3)

 ≥ 60

68.2 (66.6 – 69.8)

58.1 (56.1 – 60.3)

44.4 (42.3 – 46.6)

76.8 (74.4 – 79.2)

15.4 (13.8 – 16.9)

26.9 (24.5 – 29.5)

28.3 (25.3 – 31.2)

 P-value

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

<0.001*

0.373

0.001*

0.137

 Malays

48.3 (47.2 – 49.3)

55.8 (54.2 -57.3)

40.4 (38.9 – 42.0)

73.0 (71.2 – 74.9)

16.1 (15.0 -17.3)

29.3 (27.4 – 31.3)

29.4 (27.2 -31.7)

 Chinese

47.5 (44.7 – 50.3)

52.3 (48.2 – 56.4)

43.6 (39.5 – 47.7)

83.4 (79.2 – 87.7)

16.3 (13.3 – 19.3)

31.8 (26.4 – 37.1)

32.4 (26.5 – 38.2)

 Indians

44.9 (39.6 – 50.4)

51.4 (43.2 – 59.5)

40.4 (32.4 – 48.4)

78.7 (69.3 – 88.0)

21.8 (15.1 – 28.5)

42.7 (31.4 – 53.9)

45.8 (32.9 – 58.6)

 Indigenous

47.0 (44.5 – 49.5)

40.4 (36.8 – 44.0)

21.6 (18.6 – 24.6)

53.6 (47.9 – 59.3)

13.2 (10.8 – 15.7)

33.2 (27.8 – 38.6)

35.3 (27.7 – 42.8)

  P-value

0.546

<0.001*

<0.001*

<0.001*

0.048*

0.050

0.025*

 No formal education

57.3 (54.9 – 59.8)

51.2 (48.0 – 54.5)

33.6 (30.4 – 36.7)

65.6 (61.3 -70.0)

14.3 (11.8 – 16.3)

27.5 (23.4 – 31.5)

29.0 (23.9 – 34.1)

 Primary

58.7 (56.9 – 60.6)

58.2 (55.8 – 60.6)

42.7 (40.3 – 45.1)

73.7 (70.9 – 76.6)

14.7 (13.0 – 16.4)

25.3 (22.5 – 28.1)

25.9 (22.6 – 29.1)

 Secondary

45.1 (43.5 – 46.6)

50.7 (48.3 – 53.0)

37.1 (34.8 – 39.4)

73.8 (70.9 – 76.7)

16.2 (14.5 – 17.9)

32.1 (29.1 – 35.2)

30.8 (27.3 – 34.4)

 Tertiary

39.1 (36.9 – 41.2)

52.1 (48.6 – 55.7)

38.0 (34.5 – 41.4)

73.0 (68.6 -77.4)

21.2 (18.3 -24.1)

40.8 (36.0 – 45.6)

42.5 (36.8 – 48.1)

 P-value

<0.001*

<0.001*

<0.001*

0.007*

<0.001*

< 0.001*

<0.001*

 Never smoke

49.5 (48.4 – 50.6)

53.5 (52.0 – 55.1)

39.2 (37.6 – 40.7)

73.7 (71.8 – 75.6)

16.0 (14.8 – 17.1)

29.9 (28.0 – 31.9)

30.1 (27.8 – 32.4)

 Current smoker

42.3 (39.7 – 45.0)

48.0 (43.9 – 52.1)

30.1 (26.4 – 33.9)

63.1 (57.4 - 68.9)

14.0 (11.2 – 16.8)

29.2 (23.9 – 34.6)

28.9 (22.1 – 35.7)

 Ex-smoker

58.3 (55.5 – 61.0)

55.3 (51.6 – 58.9)

39.2 (35.6 – 42.8)

71.1 (66.6 -75.6)

17.7 (14.9 – 20.5)

32.1 (27.4 – 36.7)

34.2 (28.6 – 39.8)

  P-value

<0.001*

0.022*

<0.001*

<0.001*

0.199

0.656

0.356

 Normal

39.3 (37.4 – 41.2)

46.7 (43.5 – 49.8)

30.2 (27.3 – 33.1)

65.1 (60.6 -69.5)

15.0 (12.8 – 17.3)

32.7 (28.3 – 37.0)

32.2 (26.8 – 37.6)

 Underweight 

31.4 (26.8 – 36.0)

37.0 (28.3 – 45.7)

20.2 (12.9 – 27.4)

54.4 (39.7 -69.4)

11.4 (5.7 – 17.0)

31.8 (17.9 – 45.7)

29.2 (10.6 – 47.8)

 Overweight

48.6 (47.1 – 50.1)

50.4 (48.3 – 52.7)

36.1 (34.0 – 38.2)

72.1 (69.3 – 74.9)

15.8 (14.2 – 17.4)

31.8 (28.9 – 34.7)

31.6 (28.2 – 35.0)

 Obese 

60.6 (59.0 – 62.2)

59.5 (57.4 – 61.6)

44.6 (42.6 – 46.8)

75.4 (73.0 – 77.7)

16.4 (14.8 – 17.9)

27.8 (25.4 – 30.2)

29.1 (26.2 – 31.9)

  P-value

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

0.426

0.108

0.627