| |
Hypertension
|
Awareness among hypertensive participants
|
Treatment among hypertensive participants
|
Treatment among hypertensive participants who were aware
|
Control among hypertensive participants
|
Control among hypertensive participants who were aware
|
Control among treated participants
|
|---|
|
N=5409
|
N=2837
|
N=2022
|
N= 2022
|
N=861
|
N=861
|
N=621
|
|---|
|
Prevalence (95% Confidence Interval)
|
|---|
|
Overall
|
47.9 (47.0- 49.0)
|
53.2 (51.9-54.5)
|
38.2 (36.9 -39.5)
|
72.3 (70.6 – 73.9)
|
15.9 (14.9-16.9)
|
30.3 (28.7 – 32.0)
|
30.7 (28.7 -32.7)
|
|
Location
|
|
Urban
|
44.9 (43.6 – 46.2)
|
54.1 (52.2 – 56.1)
|
42.0 (40.1 – 43.9)
|
78.4 (76.2 – 80.6)
|
18.9 (17.4 – 20.4)
|
35.6 (33.1 – 38.1)
|
36.5 (33.7 – 39.4)
|
|
Rural
|
51.2 (49.8 – 52.4)
|
52.3 (50.5 – 54.2)
|
34.7 (32.9 – 36.4)
|
66.4 (63.9 – 68.8)
|
13.1 (11.8 – 14.4)
|
25.2 (22.9 – 27.5)
|
24.2 (21.4 – 26.9)
|
|
P-value
|
< 0.001*
|
0.190
|
<0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
< 0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
50.9 (49.5 – 52.3)
|
49.5 (47.6 – 51.5)
|
35.9 (34.0 – 37.8)
|
73.0 (70.5 – 75.5)
|
14.2 (12.8 – 15.5)
|
29.0 (26.5 – 31.6)
|
30.4 (27.3 – 33.4)
|
|
Female
|
45.6 (44.3 – 46.8)
|
56.4 (54.6 -58.2)
|
40.2 (38.4 – 42.0)
|
71.7 (69.5 – 73.9)
|
17.4 (16.1 – 18.8)
|
31.3 (29.1 – 33.6)
|
31.0 (28.3 – 33.7)
|
|
P-value
|
<0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
0.001*
|
0.428
|
0.001 *
|
0.185
|
0.757
|
|
Age (years)
|
|
30-39
|
19.1 (16.9 – 21.3)
|
35.3 (29.2 – 41.4)
|
19.6 (14.5 – 24.7)
|
55.4 (44.7 – 66.2)
|
13.1 (8.8 – 17.5)
|
37.3 (26.9 – 47.8)
|
37.0 (22.8 – 51.1)
|
|
40-49
|
35.7 (34.0 – 37.3)
|
48.0 (45.1 – 50.9)
|
29.5 (26.9 – 32.1)
|
61.8 (57.8 – 65.9)
|
17.1 (14.9 – 19.2)
|
36.0 (32.0 – 40.0)
|
33.9 (28.9 – 38.9)
|
|
50-59
|
51.6 (49.9 – 53.2)
|
53.2 (50.9 – 55.5)
|
39.1 (36.9 – 41.4)
|
74.1 (71.3 – 76.8)
|
16.2 (14.5 – 17.9)
|
30.7 (27.8 – 33.6)
|
31.9 (28.5 – 35.3)
|
|
≥ 60
|
68.2 (66.6 – 69.8)
|
58.1 (56.1 – 60.3)
|
44.4 (42.3 – 46.6)
|
76.8 (74.4 – 79.2)
|
15.4 (13.8 – 16.9)
|
26.9 (24.5 – 29.5)
|
28.3 (25.3 – 31.2)
|
|
P-value
|
< 0.001*
|
< 0.001*
|
< 0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
0.373
|
0.001*
|
0.137
|
|
Ethnic Group
|
|
Malays
|
48.3 (47.2 – 49.3)
|
55.8 (54.2 -57.3)
|
40.4 (38.9 – 42.0)
|
73.0 (71.2 – 74.9)
|
16.1 (15.0 -17.3)
|
29.3 (27.4 – 31.3)
|
29.4 (27.2 -31.7)
|
|
Chinese
|
47.5 (44.7 – 50.3)
|
52.3 (48.2 – 56.4)
|
43.6 (39.5 – 47.7)
|
83.4 (79.2 – 87.7)
|
16.3 (13.3 – 19.3)
|
31.8 (26.4 – 37.1)
|
32.4 (26.5 – 38.2)
|
|
Indians
|
44.9 (39.6 – 50.4)
|
51.4 (43.2 – 59.5)
|
40.4 (32.4 – 48.4)
|
78.7 (69.3 – 88.0)
|
21.8 (15.1 – 28.5)
|
42.7 (31.4 – 53.9)
|
45.8 (32.9 – 58.6)
|
|
Indigenous
|
47.0 (44.5 – 49.5)
|
40.4 (36.8 – 44.0)
|
21.6 (18.6 – 24.6)
|
53.6 (47.9 – 59.3)
|
13.2 (10.8 – 15.7)
|
33.2 (27.8 – 38.6)
|
35.3 (27.7 – 42.8)
|
|
P-value
|
0.546
|
<0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
0.048*
|
0.050
|
0.025*
|
|
Education attainment
|
|
No formal education
|
57.3 (54.9 – 59.8)
|
51.2 (48.0 – 54.5)
|
33.6 (30.4 – 36.7)
|
65.6 (61.3 -70.0)
|
14.3 (11.8 – 16.3)
|
27.5 (23.4 – 31.5)
|
29.0 (23.9 – 34.1)
|
|
Primary
|
58.7 (56.9 – 60.6)
|
58.2 (55.8 – 60.6)
|
42.7 (40.3 – 45.1)
|
73.7 (70.9 – 76.6)
|
14.7 (13.0 – 16.4)
|
25.3 (22.5 – 28.1)
|
25.9 (22.6 – 29.1)
|
|
Secondary
|
45.1 (43.5 – 46.6)
|
50.7 (48.3 – 53.0)
|
37.1 (34.8 – 39.4)
|
73.8 (70.9 – 76.7)
|
16.2 (14.5 – 17.9)
|
32.1 (29.1 – 35.2)
|
30.8 (27.3 – 34.4)
|
|
Tertiary
|
39.1 (36.9 – 41.2)
|
52.1 (48.6 – 55.7)
|
38.0 (34.5 – 41.4)
|
73.0 (68.6 -77.4)
|
21.2 (18.3 -24.1)
|
40.8 (36.0 – 45.6)
|
42.5 (36.8 – 48.1)
|
|
P-value
|
<0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
0.007*
|
<0.001*
|
< 0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
|
Smoking status
|
|
Never smoke
|
49.5 (48.4 – 50.6)
|
53.5 (52.0 – 55.1)
|
39.2 (37.6 – 40.7)
|
73.7 (71.8 – 75.6)
|
16.0 (14.8 – 17.1)
|
29.9 (28.0 – 31.9)
|
30.1 (27.8 – 32.4)
|
|
Current smoker
|
42.3 (39.7 – 45.0)
|
48.0 (43.9 – 52.1)
|
30.1 (26.4 – 33.9)
|
63.1 (57.4 - 68.9)
|
14.0 (11.2 – 16.8)
|
29.2 (23.9 – 34.6)
|
28.9 (22.1 – 35.7)
|
|
Ex-smoker
|
58.3 (55.5 – 61.0)
|
55.3 (51.6 – 58.9)
|
39.2 (35.6 – 42.8)
|
71.1 (66.6 -75.6)
|
17.7 (14.9 – 20.5)
|
32.1 (27.4 – 36.7)
|
34.2 (28.6 – 39.8)
|
|
P-value
|
<0.001*
|
0.022*
|
<0.001*
|
<0.001*
|
0.199
|
0.656
|
0.356
|
|
Body Mass Index
|
|
Normal
|
39.3 (37.4 – 41.2)
|
46.7 (43.5 – 49.8)
|
30.2 (27.3 – 33.1)
|
65.1 (60.6 -69.5)
|
15.0 (12.8 – 17.3)
|
32.7 (28.3 – 37.0)
|
32.2 (26.8 – 37.6)
|
|
Underweight
|
31.4 (26.8 – 36.0)
|
37.0 (28.3 – 45.7)
|
20.2 (12.9 – 27.4)
|
54.4 (39.7 -69.4)
|
11.4 (5.7 – 17.0)
|
31.8 (17.9 – 45.7)
|
29.2 (10.6 – 47.8)
|
|
Overweight
|
48.6 (47.1 – 50.1)
|
50.4 (48.3 – 52.7)
|
36.1 (34.0 – 38.2)
|
72.1 (69.3 – 74.9)
|
15.8 (14.2 – 17.4)
|
31.8 (28.9 – 34.7)
|
31.6 (28.2 – 35.0)
|
|
Obese
|
60.6 (59.0 – 62.2)
|
59.5 (57.4 – 61.6)
|
44.6 (42.6 – 46.8)
|
75.4 (73.0 – 77.7)
|
16.4 (14.8 – 17.9)
|
27.8 (25.4 – 30.2)
|
29.1 (26.2 – 31.9)
|
|
P-value
|
< 0.001*
|
< 0.001*
|
< 0.001*
|
< 0.001*
|
0.426
|
0.108
|
0.627
|
- * significant at p < 0.05
