Table 2 Study characteristics and Quality score
Author, year; Country | Study Design | Program setting | Incentives | Comparison Group | Outcome measures | Quality element | Methodological Quality score (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recipient | Conditionality | Frequency | |||||||
Peabody et al., 2011; Philippines [28] | CRT | 30 District hospitals (DH) | Providers | Physician competence score, case load and patient satisfaction | Quarterly | DHs from matched districts without P4P | Quality of care, utilization of services of children under-five | Process quality | 13(72) |
Peabody et al., 2014; Philippines [29] | CRT | 30 District hospitals | Providers | Physician competence score, case load and patient satisfaction | Quarterly | DHs from matched districts without P4P | Quality of care, utilization of services of children under-five | Clinical outcomes for under-five children | 14(78) |
Huillery and Seban 2014; DRC [30] | CRT | 152 Facilities (primary and secondary level) | Facilities | Utilization of services | Monthly | Facilities in control districts receiving equivalent fixed payment | User fees, service accessibility, service quality and utilization, population health status, health facility revenue, health workers’ satisfaction, anxiety, motivation | Patient perceived quality and structural quality | 14(78) |
Basinga et al., 2011; Rwanda [27] | Controlled before and after | Rural health centers - 80 in intervention and 86 in control | Facilities | Utilization of 14 key MCH services and quality of services delivery | Quarterly | Facilities under input-based financing received funds equivalent to P4P payments | Prenatal visits, institutional delivery, quality of ANC, child preventive care visits and immunization | Process quality of ANC | 15(88) |
Bonfrer et al., 2014; Burundi [25] | Controlled before and after | 700 facilities | Facilities | Obtaining quality and quantity of services | Monthly for quantity and quarterly for quality | Households in the provinces where P4P was not implemented | Utilization and quality of MCH services | Process quality of ANC | 10(59) |
Bonfrer et al., 2014; Burundi [26] | Controlled before and after | 700 facilities | Facilities | Obtaining quality and quantity of services | Monthly for quantity and quarterly for quality | Facilities in control districts receiving normal input financing and salary bonus | Maternal and under-five services | Structural and process quality | 9(53) |
Soeters et al 2011; DRC [24] | Controlled before and after | Two districts | Facilities | Utilization of services | Monthly for quantity and quarterly for quality | Two control districts with characteristics similar to intervention districts receiving essential drugs, equipment and fixed staff performance bonuses | Not mentioned | Patient perceived quality, structural and process quality | 7(41) |
Huntington et al., 2010; Egypt [31] | Case control post-test only | Primary health centers | Providers | Quantity and quality of preventive, curative and quality of MCH services | Monthly | Primary care providers in control arms got flat rate salary supplements | Quality of ANC, child care services and family planning care | Process quality of ANC, family planning and child care | 7(41) |