Fish, food security and health in Pacific Island countries and territories: a systematic literature review

BMC Public Health

Table 8 Tonga case study: demographic, nutrition and fish indicators

Indicator					Result	Ref
Population	All				103,252	[114]
	<5 years				14,000	[95]
Life expectancy at birth	Male				65 years	[115]
Life expectancy at birth	Female				69 years
Births per year					2,896	[114]
Mortality/1000	Infant				7	[116]
Mortality/1000	Under 5				18	[116]
Household expenditure on food					50.6 %	[117]
Nutrition
Vitamin A deficiency in pre-school aged children					17 %	[98]
Nutritional status among children <5 years:	Stunting				8.1 %	[116]
	Wasting				5.2 %
	Underweight				1.8 %
Nutritional status among adults	overweight or obese:		Women		79.6 %	[110]
aged 15–49 years			Men		69.9 %
	Raised blood pressure:				41 %	[99]
	Raised blood glucose:				18 %	[100]
	Raised blood cholesterol:				50 %	[101]
Energy (kcal) available per capita					--
Diet composition of population:	Carbohydrate				--
	Fat				--
	Total protein				--
Infant feeding practices:	Children < 5 years are ever breastfed				91 %	[116]
	Infants exclusively breastfeed to 5 months				52.2 %	[116]
Households consuming adequate iodised salt:					--
Fish and fisheries	National	Urban	Rural	Coastal		[27, 117]
Annual per capita fish consumption (kg)	20.3	--	--	84.6
Subsistence fishing	37 %	---	--	-
Purchased	63 %	--	--	-
Consumption of fresh fish	80 %	--	--	87 %
Fish as % of total protein consumption	Total protein				13.5 %	[118]
	Animal protein				23.4 %	[118]
Forecasts of fish required for food (tonnes)	2010				3,490	[27]
	2020				3,690
	2030				3,900
Households engaged in fishing activities					33 %	[119]
Dependence on fisheries for income :	Workforce employed in fishing industry				3 %	[120]
Official fishing contribution to GDP					4.1 %	[104]
Contribution of fish access fees to national revenue					0.2 %	[104]

ISSN: 1471-2458