Table 4 Factors (three specific HBM constructs and PNPIA) associated with IA

Constructs of the HBM

 Perceived Susceptibility to IA

2.31 (2.14 ~ 2.50)**

2.27 (2.10 ~ 2.46)**

N.A.

3.40 (3.05 ~ 3.79)**

3.41 (3.05 ~ 3.82)**

N.A.

 Perceived Severity of IA

1.07 (1.01 ~ 1.13)*

1.14 (1.07 ~ 1.21)**

N.A.

0.98 (0.91 ~ 1.06)

1.01 (0.94 ~ 1.10)

N.A.

 Perceived Barriers (reducing Internet use)

1.26 (1.23 ~ 1.28)**

1.26 (1.23 ~ 1.29)**

1.15 (1.12 ~ 1.18)**

1.36 (1.32 ~ 1.40)**

1.36 (1.32 ~ 1.40)**

1.20 (1.16 ~ 1.24)**

 Perceived Social Benefits (Internet use)

1.20 (1.17 ~ 1.22)**

1.19 (1.17 ~ 1.22)**

1.10 (1.07 ~ 1.12)**

1.23 (1.20 ~ 1.26)**

1.23 (1.20 ~ 1.26)**

1.10 (1.07 ~ 1.13)**

 Cue to Action (reducing Internet use)

1.36 (1.31 ~ 1.42)**

1.36 (1.30 ~ 1.41)**

N.A.

1.43 (1.36 ~ 1.50)**

1.47 (1.40 ~ 1.55)**

N.A.

 Perceived Self-efficacy (reducing Internet use)

0.66 (0.64 ~ 0.69)**

0.66 (0.64 ~ 0.69)**

0.76 (0.73 ~ 0.80)**

0.56 (0.53 ~ 0.59)**

0.56 (0.53 ~ 0.59)**

0.67 (0.63 ~ 0.72)**

Perceived number of peers with IA (PNPIA)

 Nil

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Only a few

0.95 (0.73 ~ 1.22)

1.02 (0.78 ~ 1.33)

0.91 (0.69 ~ 1.21)

1.53 (1.12 ~ 2.09)**

1.50 (1.10 ~ 2.06)**

1.30 (0.92 ~ 1.82)

 Quite a number

2.78 (2.17 ~ 3.55)**

2.85 (2.21 ~ 3.67)**

2.07 (1.57 ~ 2.73)**

4.44 (3.24 ~ 6.08)**

4.35 (3.16 ~ 5.98)**

2.44 (1.72 ~ 3.45)**

 A large number

3.91 (2.98 ~ 5.13)**

3.90 (2.95 ~ 5.16)**

2.39 (1.75 ~ 3.25)**

9.03 (6.12 ~ 13.34)**

9.09 (6.11 ~ 13.54)**

3.56 (2.24 ~ 5.64)**