Table 7 Results of included quantitative studies: child’s fruit and vegetable intake

Brouwer (2013) [21]

n = 12

Structured dietary assessment method for pre-school children (whilst in care)

V served (servings/day)

V consumed (servings/day)

F served (servings/day)

F consumed (servings/day)

Serving size = one cup FV; half cup dried fruit; FV juices not included (source: USDA MyPlate)

1.42 (0.67)

0.80 (0.68)

1.55 (0.99)

1.00 (0.89)

1.24 (0.57)

1.05 (0.67)

0.92 (0.56)

0.67 (0.22)

NA

NA

1.13 (0.31)

0.80 (0.38)

0.59 (0.27)

0.32 (0.29)

0.75 (0.21)

0.63 (0.28)

0.49 (0.40)

0.46 (0.43)

NR

Christian (2014) (1) [9] Trial 1; n = 1256^†

CADET (115 items)

F intake (g/day)

V intake (g/day)

FV intake (g/day)

201 (9.3)^a

87 (4.4)^a

269 (10.7)^a

168 (11.8)^a

89 (9.0)^a

237 (14.5)^a

214 (9.5)^a

102 (4.3)^a

300 (10.5)^a

208 (11.5)^a

118 (8.6)^a

308 (14.0)^a

NA

NA

MD = −28 (16.4)^a; p = 0.08

MD = −13 (12.8)^a; p = 0.2

MD = −43 (22.8)^a; p = 0.06

Christian (2014) (2) [10] Trial 1; n = 1138^†

Christian (2014) (2) [10] Trial 2; n = 1391

CADET (115 items)

F intake (g/day)

V intake (g/day)

FV intake (g/day)

206 (7.9)

95 (3.8)

299 (8.9)

219 (17.6)^a

111 (10.2)^a

328.8 (23.0)^a

NA

NA

193 (8.2)

100 (4.7)

296 (9.6)

181 (17.1)^a

122 (9.9)^a

305 (22.4)^a

MD = −22 (24.3)^a; p = 0.3

MD = −7 (14.2)^a; p = 0.6

MD = 15 (32.0)^a; p = 0.6

Cotugna (2012) [27]

n = 359

Lunchtime observations

Students who chose salad for lunch (%)

17.4

24.0

22.2

NR due to scheduling issues

22.1

20.3

NR

Davis (2011) [28]

n = 104

Block Food Screener (41 items)

F intake (servings/day)

V intake (servings/day)

Serving size not reported

4.0 (0.7)

1.6 (1.0)

3.9 (0.8)

1.6 (1.0)

NA

NA

4.1 (0.9)

1.9 (1.3)

4.2 (0.8)

1.3 (1.0)

p = 0.83

p = 0.11

Gibbs (2013) [26]

n = 764

Parent questionnaire

F ≥ 2 servings/day (%)

V ≥ 5 servings/day (%)

Serving size = one apple or orange, two kiwis or apricots, one cup dried fruit

84.2

7.7

79.8

7.3

74.6

5.9

72.5

9.5

NA

NA

OR = 1.68 (0.90 to 3.14); p = 0.11

OR = 0.87 (0.54 to 1.42); p = 0.59

Jaenke (2012) [15]

n = 127

24 h recall x 2

F intake (servings/day)

V intake (servings/day)

Serving size = 150 g fruit; 45 g dried fruit; 75 g vegetables

1.2 (1.0)

2.0 (1.7)

Between group mean differences only

1.5 (1.0)

1.9 (1.3)

Between group mean differences only

1.0 (0.9)

2.1 (2.2)

Between group mean differences only

p = 0.76

p = 0.06

Morgan (2010) [30]

n = 127 (some differences)^a

McAleese (2007) [16]

n = 122

24 h recall x 3 (workbook)

F intake (servings/day)

V intake (servings/day)

Serving size not reported

0.8 (0.8)

1.2 (0.6)

1.9 (1.4)

2.6 (1.7)

0.3 (0.5)

1.8 (1.1)

0.5 (0.7)

1.7 (1.0)

0.7 (0.6)

1.7 (0.7)

0.6 (0.7)

1.4 (0.7)

F = 10.98; p < 0.001

F = 15.00; p < 0.001

Meinen (2012) [31]

n = 404

Parent survey

Child ate F yesterday (# times)

Child ate V yesterday (# times)

2.8 (0.85)

2.5 (0.79)

3.0 (0.88)

2.7 (0.93)

NA

NA

2.8 (0.78)

2.6 (0.79)

2.9 (0.78)

2.6 (0.86)

NR

Parmer (2009) [37]

n = 115

Lunchroom observations

V consumption (0 = not eaten; 1 = eaten)

0.70 (0.4)

1.0 (0.0)

0.64 (0.5)

0.64 (0.5)

0.83 (0.3)

0.50 (0.5)

NR

Parmer (2007) [36]

n = 115

Ratcliffe (2011) [38]

n = 320

Garden Vegetables Frequency Questionnaire (22 items)

V consumed more than once a month (# varieties)

NR

Change values only reported

NA

NA

NR

Change values only reported

p = 0.001

Taste Test

V consumed at school

p = 0.010

V consumed at home

p = 0.122