Table 7 Results of included quantitative studies: child’s fruit and vegetable intake
|
First author (year) Sample (n) | Outcome measures | Outcomes | Intervention group | Comparison group | Control group | Group x time results (adjusted, if reported) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Baseline Mean (SD) |
Follow-up Mean (SD) |
Baseline Mean (SD) |
Follow-up Mean (SD) |
Baseline Mean (SD) |
Follow-up Mean (SD) | ||||
|
Brouwer (2013) [21] n = 12 | Structured dietary assessment method for pre-school children (whilst in care) |
V served (servings/day) V consumed (servings/day) F served (servings/day) F consumed (servings/day) Serving size = one cup FV; half cup dried fruit; FV juices not included (source: USDA MyPlate) |
1.42 (0.67) 0.80 (0.68) 1.55 (0.99) 1.00 (0.89) |
1.24 (0.57) 1.05 (0.67) 0.92 (0.56) 0.67 (0.22) | NA | NA |
1.13 (0.31) 0.80 (0.38) 0.59 (0.27) 0.32 (0.29) |
0.75 (0.21) 0.63 (0.28) 0.49 (0.40) 0.46 (0.43) | NR |
| Christian (2014) (1) [9] Trial 1; n = 1256† | CADET (115 items) |
F intake (g/day) V intake (g/day) FV intake (g/day) |
201 (9.3)a
87 (4.4)a 269 (10.7)a |
168 (11.8)a
89 (9.0)a 237 (14.5)a |
214 (9.5)a
102 (4.3)a 300 (10.5)a |
208 (11.5)a
118 (8.6)a 308 (14.0)a | NA | NA |
MD = −28 (16.4)a; p = 0.08 MD = −13 (12.8)a; p = 0.2 MD = −43 (22.8)a; p = 0.06 |
| Christian (2014) (2) [10] Trial 1; n = 1138† | |||||||||
| Christian (2014) (2) [10] Trial 2; n = 1391 | CADET (115 items) |
F intake (g/day) V intake (g/day) FV intake (g/day) |
206 (7.9) 95 (3.8) 299 (8.9) |
219 (17.6)a
111 (10.2)a 328.8 (23.0)a | NA | NA |
193 (8.2) 100 (4.7) 296 (9.6) |
181 (17.1)a
122 (9.9)a 305 (22.4)a |
MD = −22 (24.3)a; p = 0.3 MD = −7 (14.2)a; p = 0.6 MD = 15 (32.0)a; p = 0.6 |
|
Cotugna (2012) [27] n = 359 | Lunchtime observations | Students who chose salad for lunch (%) | 17.4 | 24.0 | 22.2 | NR due to scheduling issues | 22.1 | 20.3 | NR |
|
Davis (2011) [28] n = 104 | Block Food Screener (41 items) |
F intake (servings/day) V intake (servings/day) Serving size not reported |
4.0 (0.7) 1.6 (1.0) |
3.9 (0.8) 1.6 (1.0) | NA | NA |
4.1 (0.9) 1.9 (1.3) |
4.2 (0.8) 1.3 (1.0) |
p = 0.83 p = 0.11 |
|
Gibbs (2013) [26] n = 764 | Parent questionnaire |
F ≥ 2 servings/day (%) V ≥ 5 servings/day (%) Serving size = one apple or orange, two kiwis or apricots, one cup dried fruit |
84.2 7.7 |
79.8 7.3 |
74.6 5.9 |
72.5 9.5 | NA | NA |
OR = 1.68 (0.90 to 3.14); p = 0.11 OR = 0.87 (0.54 to 1.42); p = 0.59 |
|
Jaenke (2012) [15] n = 127 | 24 h recall x 2 |
F intake (servings/day) V intake (servings/day) Serving size = 150 g fruit; 45 g dried fruit; 75 g vegetables |
1.2 (1.0) 2.0 (1.7) | Between group mean differences only |
1.5 (1.0) 1.9 (1.3) | Between group mean differences only |
1.0 (0.9) 2.1 (2.2) | Between group mean differences only |
p = 0.76 p = 0.06 |
|
Morgan (2010) [30] n = 127 (some differences)a | |||||||||
|
McAleese (2007) [16] n = 122 | 24 h recall x 3 (workbook) |
F intake (servings/day) V intake (servings/day) Serving size not reported |
0.8 (0.8) 1.2 (0.6) |
1.9 (1.4) 2.6 (1.7) |
0.3 (0.5) 1.8 (1.1) |
0.5 (0.7) 1.7 (1.0) |
0.7 (0.6) 1.7 (0.7) |
0.6 (0.7) 1.4 (0.7) |
F = 10.98; p < 0.001 F = 15.00; p < 0.001 |
|
Meinen (2012) [31] n = 404 | Parent survey |
Child ate F yesterday (# times) Child ate V yesterday (# times) |
2.8 (0.85) 2.5 (0.79) |
3.0 (0.88) 2.7 (0.93) | NA | NA |
2.8 (0.78) 2.6 (0.79) |
2.9 (0.78) 2.6 (0.86) | NR |
|
Parmer (2009) [37] n = 115 | Lunchroom observations | V consumption (0 = not eaten; 1 = eaten) | 0.70 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.0) | 0.64 (0.5) | 0.64 (0.5) | 0.83 (0.3) | 0.50 (0.5) | NR |
|
Parmer (2007) [36] n = 115 | |||||||||
|
Ratcliffe (2011) [38] n = 320 | Garden Vegetables Frequency Questionnaire (22 items) | V consumed more than once a month (# varieties) | NR | Change values only reported | NA | NA | NR | Change values only reported | p = 0.001 |
| Taste Test | |||||||||
| V consumed at school | p = 0.010 | ||||||||
| V consumed at home | p = 0.122 | ||||||||