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Table 11 Results of included quantitative studies: child’s physical health and activity

From: A systematic review of the health and well-being impacts of school gardening: synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence

First author (year)

Sample (n)

Outcome measures

Outcomes

Intervention group

Comparison group

Control group

Group x time results (adjusted, if reported)

Baseline

Mean (SD)

Follow-up

Mean (SD)

Baseline

Mean (SD)

Follow-up

Mean (SD)

Baseline

Mean (SD)

Follow-up

Mean (SD)

Cotter (2013) [22]

n = 155

Standard clinical measures

Waist circumference (cm)

BMI (kg/m2)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

Urinary sodium (mmol/24 h)

67.8 (8.2)

19.0 (2.7)

117.4 (9.9)

66.9 (8.0)

126.6 (40.5)

68.6 (7.6)

19.3 (2.8)

113.9 (9.6)

66.2 (8.5)

108.2 (37.3)

68.1 (9.0)

19.0 (3.2)

115.1 (14.8)

65.4 (8.2)

138.4 (50.7)

69.9 (8.9)

19.0 (3.1)

111.3 (11.6)

64.8 (7.4)

128.2 (50.9)

69.5 (8.6)

19.1 (3.2)

122.1 (14.1)

73.5 (9.6)

131.3 (34.9)

71.5 (8.1)

19.1 (3.1)

113.9 (9.9)

67.0 (7.4)

125.3 (50.6)

NR

Davis (2011) [28]

n = 104

Standard clinical measures

BMI (kg/m2)

Waist circumference (cm)

Total fat (%)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

20.4 (4.2)

73.9 (13.3)

28.2 (12.6)

105.9 (8.20)

59.6 (8.4)

20.4 (4.0)

74.9 (13.6)

26.8 (12.4)

101.9 (10.4)

56.5 (5.6)

NA

NA

21.8 (5.1)

75.7 (13.2)

29.0 (9.8)

108.9 (8.9)

60.8 (8.0)

22.0 (5.2)

77.3 (13.9)

27.6 (10.3)

104.5 (9.8)

58.7 (6.2)

p = 0.14

p = 0.67

p = 0.59

p = 0.53

p = 0.04

Wells (2014) [23]

Physical activity

GEMS Activity Questionnaire:

      

Mean difference:

n = 227 (or n = 124 for accelerometry data)

Activity - yesterday

Activity - usually

Sedentary - yesterday

Sedentary - usually

2.91 (0.19)

3.78 (0.18)

0.63 (0.04)

0.78 (0.05)

2.48 (0.20)

3.43 (0.19)

0.51 (0.04)

0.68 (0.05)

NA

NA

2.74 (0.17)

3.61 (0.16)

0.57 (0.04)

0.68 (0.04)

2.51 (0.19)

3.63 (0.18)

0.54 (0.04)

0.77 (0.05)

−0.20; p = 0.312

−0.37; p = 0.083

−0.09; p = 0.064

−0.19; p = 0.001

Accelerometry:

      

Mean difference:

Sedentary (%)

Light PA (%)

Moderate PA (%)

Vigorous PA (%)

MVPA (%)

55.23 (1.71)

34.62 (1.00)

5.17 (0.54)

5.01 (0.58)

10.14 (1.03)

55.00 (1.73)

33.17 (1.02)

5.62 (0.54)

6.24 (0.59)

11.82 (1.04)

54.75 (1.59)

35.09 (0.92)

5.41 (0.50)

4.99 (0.54)

10.35 (0.95)

56.11 (1.60)

33.07 (0.93)

5.28 (0.50)

5.78 (0.54)

11.03 (0.95)

−1.59; p = 0.144

+0.57; p = 0.492

+0.58; p = 0.010

+0.44; p = 0.213

+1.00; p = 0.044

  1. SDstandard deviation (or standard error wherea)
  2. No meta-analysis due to lack of adjustment for possible clustering effects
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BMC Public Health

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