Table 10 Results of included quantitative studies: child’s knowledge and attitudes towards food (including self-efficacy)

Christian (2014) [10] (2) [9] Trial 1; n = 1138

Child questionnaire:

FV knowledge

Attitudes towards FV

% of children who agreed:

I enjoy eating fruit

I like trying new fruits

I try to eat lots of fruit

I enjoy eating vegetables

I like trying new vegetables

I try to eat lots of vegetables

Eating FV every day keeps me healthy

% agreed

94.5

78.0

83.0

65.6

58.9

64.6

93.5

% agreed

91.8

76.3

81.3

64.7

58.0

70.9

94.1

% agreed

96.4

83.3

86.7

66.9

61.0

66.7

94.1

% agreed

96.2

86.6

90.1

65.9

60.0

69.6

97.2

NA

NA

Odds ratio (95 % CI)

OR = 0.4 (0.1 to 1.0)

OR = 0.5 (0.2 to 0.9)

OR = 0.4 (0.2 to 0.9)

OR = 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9)

OR = 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5)

OR = 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7)

OR = 0.6 (0.2 to 1.6)

There is usually lots of FV to eat at home

89.2

89.8

87.6

94.1

OR = 0.4 (0.2 to 0.9)

I'm good at preparing FV

My family encourages me to eat FV

% who knew that 5 FV per day are needed to stay healthy

71.8

87.1

76.2

74.7

90.7

79.0

81.3

88.3

72.7

83.6

93.7

79.0

OR = 0.6 (0.3 to 1.1)

OR = 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5)

OR = 0.9 (0.4 to 1.6)

% who had tasted their own FV at follow-up

62.3

62.1

52.4

67.8

OR = 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4)

Christian (2014) [10] Trial 2; n = 1391

Child questionnaire:

FV knowledge

Attitudes towards FV

% of children who agreed:

I enjoy eating fruit (% who agreed)

I like trying new fruits

I try to eat lots of fruit

I enjoy eating vegetables

I like trying new vegetables

I try to eat lots of vegetables

Eating FV every day keeps me healthy

% agreed

96.7

86.0

87.2

68.8

62.8

72.8

94.9

% agreed

97.6

84.0

88.2

69.5

59.5

75.5

97.0

NA

NA

% agreed

96.8

84.5

82.7

64.2

60.5

66.7

96.2

% agreed

97.0

80.4

85.8

61.7

56.9

68.6

96.4

Odds ratio (95 % CI)

OR = 1.1 (0.4 to 2.9)

OR = 1.2 (0.7 to 1.9)

OR = 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6)

OR = 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6)

OR = 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2)

OR = 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8)

OR = 1.2 (0.5 to 2.8)

There is usually lots of FV to eat at home

89.6

92.8

88.9

89.5

OR = 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5)

I'm good at preparing FV

My family encourages me to eat FV

% who knew that 5 FV per day are needed to stay healthy

% who had tasted their own FV at follow-up

79.3

89.9

73.6

60.1

78.1

92.8

79.1

66.4

77.9

87.7

67.3

56.0

79.3

91.9

67.5

58.1

OR = 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1)

OR = 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6)

OR = 1.7 (1.1 to 2.5)

OR = 1.4 (0.8 to 2.4)

Meinen (2012) [31] n = 404

Knowledge of fruits and vegetables

Knowledge of recommended daily servings of FV (%)

33

35

36

42

NR

Morgan (2010) [30] n = 127

Gimme 5 questionnaire (eight multiple choice questions)

FV knowledge (/8)

5.4 (1.4)

Between group mean differences only

5.1 (1.3)

Between group mean differences only

6.1 (1.8)

Between group mean differences only

p = 0.02^†

Food preference assessment tool

Ability to identify vegetables (/1)

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

p < 0.001^†

Morris (2001) [32] n = 97

Food identification questionnaire (food groups/recommendations)

Nutrition knowledge score (/5)

1.9 (0.2)^a

2.5 (0.2)^a

NA

NA

2.4 (0.2)^a

2.5 (0.2)^a

NR

Morris (2002) (1) [33] n = 213

Nutrition knowledge questionnaire (30 multiple choice questions)

Nutrition knowledge score at post-test (/30):

NR

20.8 (0.4)^a

NR

20.5 (0.4)^a

NR

17.1 (0.4)^a

F = 24.238, p < 0.0005

Nutrition knowledge score at 6 m follow up (/30):

20.8 (0.4)^a

21.2 (0.4)^a

18 (0.4)^a

F = 18.270, p < 0.0005

Morris (2002) (2)

[34] n = 215

Vegetable preference survey (six items)

Ability to correctly name vegetables at post-test (/6)

NR

3.3 (0.1)^a

NR

3.0 (0.1)^a

NR

2.6 (0.1)^a

F = 9.795, p < 0.0005

Ability to correctly name vegetables at follow up (/6)

3.2 (0.1)^a

2.9 (0.1)^a

2.8 (0.1)^a

NR

O’Brien (2006) [35] n = 38

Nutrition knowledge questionnaire (derived from Family Nutrition Program evaluations)

Nutrition knowledge (/10)

7.53 (0.34)^a

7.18 (0.30)^a

NR

NR

7.05 (0.29)^a

7.38 (0.33)^a

NR

Self-efficacy instrument (Domel et al. 1996)

FV consumption self-efficacy (/10)

8.94 (0.29)^a

9.06 (0.26)^a

8.33 (0.33)^a

8.67 (0.25)^a

Outcome expectations questionnaire (Domel et al. 1995)

FV consumption expectations (/6)

5.76 (0.18)^a

5.24 (0.27)^a

5.29 (0.24)^a

5.52 (0.16)^a

Parmer (2009) [37] n = 115

Fruit and vegetable survey (adapted Struempler & Raby)

Food groups

Nutrient-food associations

Nutrient-job associations

FV identification

3.69 (1.8)

1.46 (1.1)

1.25 (1.0)

3.14 (0.7)

5.20 (1.2)

3.56 (1.6)

2.97 (1.9)

4.89 (0.9)

4.08 (1.7)

1.67 (1.5)

1.27 (1.3)

3.03 (0.6)

4.75 (1.9)

3.70 (1.8)

2.64 (1.6)

3.44 (0.8)

4.03 (1.8)

1.82 (1.4)

1.71 (1.2)

2.88 (0.9)

4.46 (1.3)

1.92 (1.3)

1.46 (1.0)

2.96 (1.0)

NS

F(2,122) = 11.84; p < 0.001

F(2,122) = 12.05; p < 0.001

F(2,78) = 28.08; p < 0.001

Parmer (2007) [36] n = 115

Ratcliffe (2011) [38] n = 320

Taste test

Ability to identify vegetables

NR

Change values only reported

NA

NA

NR

Change values only reported

p = 0.002