Table 3 Characteristics of the study population by metabolic phenotype among underweight and normal weight individuals
Characteristics | Underweight (BMIa <18.50 kg/m2) | Normal weight (BMIa 18.50–24.99 kg/m2) | p-value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 7,747 | n = 202,265 | |||||
Healthy | Unhealthy | Healthy | Unhealthy | Healthy | Unhealthy | |
n = 7,711 | n = 36 | n = 197,846 | n = 4,419 | |||
Prevalence, % | 1.7 | 0.0 | 43.8 | 1.0 | ||
(95 % CI)b | (1.7–1.7) | (0.0–0.0) | (43.7–44) | (1.0–1.0) | ||
Age (years), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 28.4 [8.3] | 38.6 [12.4] | 32.8 [9.7] | 41.8 [11.4] | <0.0001 | 0.0988 |
(28.2–28.6) | (34.4–42.8) | (32.7–32.8) | (41.4–42.1) | |||
Female, % | 66.2 | 16.7 | 40.7 | 16.2 | <0.0001 | 0.9403 |
(95 % CI)b | (65.2–67.3) | (7.9–31.9) | (40.4–40.9) | (15.1–17.3) | ||
Blue-collar worker, % | 54.7 | 66.7 | 60.4 | 72.8 | <0.0001 | 0.4176 |
(95 % CI)b | (53.5–55.8) | (50.3–79.8) | (60.2–60.7) | (71.5–74.1) | ||
Smoking status, % (95 % CI)b | ||||||
Never smoker | 37.6 | 11.1 | 39.3 | 26.3 | <0.0001 | 0.0570 |
(36.5–38.7) | (4.4–25.3) | (39.1–39.6) | (25–27.6) | |||
Former smoker (stopped smoking ≥1 year ago) | 5.6 | 16.7 | 9.4 | 13.6 | ||
(5.1–6.1) | (7.9–31.9) | (9.3–9.6) | (12.6–14.6) | |||
Former smoker (stopped smoking <1 year ago) | 2.4 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 2.8 | ||
(2.1–2.8) | (0.0–9.6) | (2.6–2.7) | (2.4–3.3) | |||
Current smoker | 54.5 | 72.2 | 48.6 | 57.4 | ||
(53.4–55.6) | (56.0–84.2) | (48.3–48.8) | (55.9–58.8) | |||
Heavy drinker, % | 1.3 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 0.0001 | 0.8113 |
(95 % CI)b | (1.0–1.5) | (0.5–14.2) | (1.8–1.9) | (3.0–4.1) | ||
Physical exercised, % (95 % CI)b | ||||||
Regular physical exercise | 16.6 | 0.0 | 23.1 | 16.2 | <0.0001 | 0.5628 |
(15.1–18.2) | (0.0–43.4) | (22.7–23.5) | (13.6–19.2) | |||
≥2 h/week of physical exercise | 9.1 | 20.0 | 9.7 | 10.9 | ||
(8.0–10.4) | (3.6–62.4) | (9.5–10.0) | (8.7–13.4) | |||
<2 h/week physical exercise | 11.9 | 20.0 | 16.0 | 13.7 | ||
(10.6–13.4) | (3.6–62.4) | (15.7–16.4) | (11.3–16.5) | |||
No physical exercise | 62.3 | 60.0 | 51.1 | 59.2 | ||
(60.3–64.4) | (23.1–88.2) | (50.7–51.6) | (55.5–62.9) | |||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 112.5 [13.5] | 136.7 [14.9] | 119.8 [14.5] | 138.1 [15.3] | <0.0001 | 0.5729 |
(112.2–112.8) | (131.6–141.7) | (119.8–119.9) | (137.6–138.5) | |||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 69.4 [9.3] | 83.3 [11.2] | 72.2 [9.5] | 82.3 [10.3] | <0.0001 | 0.5457 |
(69.2–69.6) | (79.5–87.1) | (72.2–72.3) | (82.0–82.6) | |||
Hypertension, % | 12.9 | 86.1 | 26.2 | 90.7 | <0.0001 | 0.3732 |
(95 % CI)b | (12.2–13.7) | (71.3–93.9) | (26.0–26.4) | (89.8–91.5) | ||
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 60.4 [14.7] | 43.4 [14.4] | 56.5 [13.9] | 43.5 [12.4] | <0.0001 | 0.9765 |
(60.1–60.8) | (38.6–48.3) | (56.5–56.6) | (43.1–43.9) | |||
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 68.5 [31.1] | 226.4 [246.2] | 82.5 [50.2] | 209.2 [133.7] | <0.0001 | 0.6787 |
(67.8–69.2) | (143.1–309.7) | (82.3–82.7) | (205.3–213.2) | |||
Hypertriglyceridemia, % | 2.4 | 75.0 | 7.0 | 83.1 | <0.0001 | 0.2215 |
(95 % CI)b | (2.1–2.8) | (58.9–86.2) | (6.9–7.2) | (82.0–84.2) | ||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 172.3 [33.7] | 194.7 [51.4] | 185.6 [37.4] | 209.8 [45.5] | <0.0001 | 0.0480 |
(171.6–173.1) | (177.3–212.1) | (185.4–185.8) | (208.4–211.1) | |||
Hypercholesterolemia, % | 19.8 | 47.2 | 33.1 | 61.0 | <0.0001 | 0.0965 |
(95 % CI)b | (18.9–20.7) | (32.0–63.0) | (32.9–33.3) | (59.5–62.4) | ||
Glucose level (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 82.6 [12.5] | 105.4 [38.5] | 85.6 [13.9] | 108.3 [38.7] | <0.0001 | 0.6625 |
(82.3–82.9) | (92.4–118.4) | (85.5–85.6) | (107.1–109.4) | |||
BMI (kg/m2), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 17.7 [0.7] | 16.8 [1.6] | 22.4 [1.7] | 23.5 [1.3] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(17.7–17.7) | (16.3–17.3) | (22.4–22.4) | (23.4–23.5) | |||
Waist circumference (cm), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 67.9 [6.4] | 84.4 [17.5] | 78.6 [8.1] | 86.8 [8.3] | <0.0001 | 0.4090 |
(67.7–68.0) | (78.4–90.3) | (78.6–78.6) | (86.6–87.1) | |||