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Table 2 Characteristics of the study population by metabolic phenotype among obese I, II and III individuals

From: Prevalence and clinical characteristics of metabolically healthy obese individuals and other obese/non-obese metabolic phenotypes in a working population: results from the Icaria study

Characteristics

Obese I (BMIa 30.00–34.99 kg/m2)

Obese II (BMIa 35.00–39.99 kg/m2)

Obese III (BMIa ≥40.00 kg/m2)

p-value*

n = 56,478

n = 10,878

n = 2,696

Healthy

Unhealthy

Healthy

Unhealthy

Healthy

Unhealthy

Healthy

Unhealthy

n = 33,205

n = 23,273

n = 4,352

n = 6,526

n = 1,043

n = 1,653

  

Prevalence, %

7.4

5.2

1.0

1.4

0.2

0.4

  

(95 % CI)b

(7.3–7.4)

(5.1–5.2)

(0.9–1.0)

(1.4–1.5)

(0.2–0.2)

(0.3–0.4)

  

Age (years), mean [SD] c (95 % CI)b

37.9 [10.7]

43.5 [10.6]

36.6 [10.6]

41.5 [10.8]

35.8 [9.9]

39.8 [10.3]

<0.0001

<0.0001

(37.8–38.0)

(43.3–43.6)

(36.2–36.9)

(41.2–41.7)

(35.2–36.4)

(39.3–40.3)

Female, %

16.6

10.5

28.2

14.1

34.2

22.3

<0.0001

<0.0001

(95 % CI)b

(16.2–17.0)

(10.1–10.9)

(26.9–29.6)

(13.3–14.9)

(31.3–37.1)

(20.4–24.4)

Blue-collar worker, %

74.1

74.6

75.0

77.4

72.3

74.1

0.1984

<0.0001

(95 % CI)b

(73.7–74.6)

(74–75.2)

(73.7–76.3)

(76.4–78.4)

(69.5–75)

(71.9–76.1)

Smoking status, % (95 % CI)b

        

Never smoker

38.4

29.7

39.1

31.1

42.0

32.3

0.0097

<0.0001

(37.9–38.9)

(29.1–30.3)

(37.7–40.6)

(29.9–32.2)

(39.0–45.0)

(30.1–34.6)

Former smoker (stopped smoking ≥1 year ago)

17.0

22.3

15.8

18.6

13.6

18.6

(16.6–17.4)

(21.8–22.9)

(14.7–16.9)

(17.7–19.6)

(11.7–15.8)

(16.8–20.6)

Former smoker (stopped smoking <1 year ago)

3.4

3.7

3.1

3.7

2.7

3.8

(3.2–3.6)

(3.5–4.0)

(2.7–3.7)

(3.3–4.2)

(1.9–3.9)

(2.9–4.8)

Current smoker

41.2

44.2

42.0

46.6

41.7

45.3

(40.7–41.7)

(43.6–44.9)

(40.5–43.4)

(45.4–47.8)

(38.8–44.7)

(42.9–47.7)

Heavy drinker, %

2.2

3.3

2.0

3.4

2.5

2.8

0.6390

0.5314

(95 % CI)b

(2.0–2.3)

(3.1–3.6)

(1.6–2.5)

(3.0–3.8)

(1.7–3.6)

(2.1–3.8)

Physical exercised, % (95 % CI)b

        

Regular physical exercise

16.3

12.0

14.0

10.2

14.4

9.0

0.0012

0.1334

(15.5–17.1)

(11.1–13.0)

(12.3–16.0)

(8.7–11.9)

(11.1–18.5)

(6.6–12.3)

≥2 h/week of physical exercise

10.9

9.1

9.8

9.3

8.6

7.2

(10.3–11.6)

(8.3–10.0)

(8.3–11.5)

(7.9–10.9)

(6.1–12.1)

(5.1–10.3)

<2 h/week physical exercise

15.1

13.3

14.4

12.3

9.8

12.9

(14.4–15.9)

(12.3–14.3)

(12.6–16.3)

(10.7–14.2)

(7.1–13.4)

(9.9–16.6)

No physical exercise

57.7

65.6

61.8

68.2

67.1

70.8

(56.7–58.8)

(64.2–67.0)

(59.1–64.4)

(65.7–70.6)

(62–71.9)

(66.1–75.1)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b

130.2 [15.8]

141.2 [16.6]

131.2 [16.5]

142.7 [17.3]

132.2 [17.8]

143.8 [17.1]

<0.0001

<0.0001

(130.1–130.4)

(141–141.4)

(130.7–131.7)

(142.3–143.2)

(131.1–133.2)

(143–144.6)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b

79.4 [10.5]

85.8 [10.6]

80.6 [10.9]

87.1 [11.1]

81.8 [12.3]

88.1 [11.4]

<0.0001

<0.0001

(79.3–79.5)

(85.6–85.9)

(80.3–81.0)

(86.9–87.4)

(81.1–82.5)

(87.5–88.6)

Hypertension, %

52.1

88.6

52.5

90.4

56.0

90.9

0.036

<0.0001

(95 % CI)b

(51.5–52.6)

(88.2–89.0)

(51.0–54.0)

(89.7–91.1)

(53.0–59.0)

(89.5–92.2)

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b

50.3 [11.3]

43.8 [10.7]

51.1 [11.3]

43.4 [10.4]

51.3 [11.4]

43.8 [10.6]

<0.0001

0.0257

(50.2–50.4)

(43.7–44.0)

(50.8–51.4)

(43.2–43.7)

(50.6–52.0)

(43.2–44.3)

Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b

115.7 [71.7]

200.0 [130.0]

105.7 [49.2]

194.3 [121.8]

103.8 [50.2]

186.2 [116.6]

<0.0001

<0.0001

(114.9–116.4)

(198.3–201.6)

(104.2–107.2)

(191.4–197.3)

(100.6–106.7)

(180.6–191.9)

Hypertriglyceridemia, %

16.7

68.1

8.8

64.6

6.8

59.0

<0.0001

<0.0001

(95 % CI)b

(16.3–17.1)

(67.5–68.7)

(8.0–9.7)

(63.4–65.8)

(5.4–8.5)

(56.6–61.4)

Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b

204.6 [38.7]

217.4 [42.7]

199.9 [37.6]

213.5 [42.2]

196.4 [35.2]

208.4 [40.5]

<0.0001

<0.0001

(204.2–205.0)

(216.8–217.9)

(198.8–201)

(212.5–214.5)

(194.3–198.6)

(206.5–210.4)

Hypercholesterolemia, %

53.8

68.3

48.8

64.2

45.4

58.7

<0.0001

<0.0001

(95 % CI)b

(53.2–54.3)

(67.7–68.9)

(47.3–50.3)

(63.0–65.4)

(42.4–48.4)

(56.3–61.0)

Glucose level (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)

89.6 [13.1]

106.3 [32.6]

88.5 [11.5]

107.2 [34.8]

87.7 [10.0]

109.4 [37.3]

<0.0001

0.0021

(89.5–89.8)

(105.9–106.8)

(88.2–88.9)

(106.3–108.0)

(87.1–88.3)

(107.6–111.2)

BMI (kg/m2), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b

31.7 [1.3]

32.1 [1.4]

36.8 [1.3]

36.9 [1.4]

44.2 [5.7]

43.3 [4.3]

<0.0001

<0.0001

(31.6–31.7)

(32.1–32.1)

(36.7–36.8)

(36.8–36.9)

(43.9–44.7)

(43.2–43.7)

Waist circumference (cm), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b

100.6 [8.2]

106.4 [6.8]

110.1 [10.9]

115.1 [8.2]

116.3 [16.8]

125 [10.7]

<0.0001

<0.0001

(100.5–100.7)

(106.3–106.5)

(109.8–110.4)

(114.9–115.2)

(115.2–117.3)

(124.5–125.5)

  1. * P-values correspond to chi-squared test for categorical data, and one-way ANOVA for continuous variables
  2. aBMI: body mass index
  3. b95% CI: 95 % confidence interval
  4. cSD: standard deviation
  5. dInformation on physical exercise was only available for a total of 100,561 study participants