Table 3 Comparison of biochemical profiles among the female Orang Asli and female Urban Malays

   TC, mmol/L^a

Mean (SD)

4.35

(0.92)

4.35 (0.71)

4.90 (1.22)

4.91

(0.69)

4.60 (0.98)

5.28 (1.37)^c

5.20 (0.85)^c,h

0.81

   % of the subjects

>5.2

25.00

0

45.45

33.33

25.64

47.37

49.44

   HDL-C, mmol/L^b

Mean (SD)

1.10

(0.40)

1.45

(0.10)^c

1.20 (0.60)

0.90

(0.30)^c,d

0.90

(0.20)^c,d

1.20

(0.60)^g,h

1.70 (0.50)^c,e,g,h,i

1.13

   % of the subjects

<1.0

16.67

0

36.36

66.67

51.28

31.58

1.12

   LDL-C, mmol/L^a

Mean (SD)

2.77

(0.74)

2.58 (0.53)

3.16 (1.01)

3.38

(0.62)

3.09 (0.93)

3.55 (1.05)

3.15 (0.78)

1.10

   % of the subjects

>4.1 (very high risk)

4.17

0

18.18

33.33

10.26

21.05

14.77

<4.1 (high risk)

16.67

0

27.27

11.11

33.33

31.58

20.45

<3.4

(moderate)

45.83

50.00

36.36

55.56

17.95

31.58

43.18

<2.6 (low risk)

33.33

50.00

18.18

0

38.46

15.79

21.59

   TG, mmol/L^b

Mean (SD)

0.85

(0.80)

0.60 (0.50)

1.00 (0.80)

1.40

(0.50)^c,d

0.90

(0.70)^g

0.80 (0.50)^g

0.70 (0.40)^g,h

1.60

   % of the subjects

>1.7

16.67

0

18.18

11.11

10.26

15.79

3.37

   FBG, mmol/L^b

Mean (SD)

4.80

(0.70)

5.95 (0.40)

5.40

(1.10)^c,d

4.90

(0.50)^c,i

4.90

(1.20/

4.90

(1.30)^c,h

4.90 (0.50)^c,h,i

0.38

   % of the subjects

3.5–6.0

(normal)

91.67

50.00

72.72

62.50

83.33

94.74

100.00

6.1–6.9

(IFG)

8.33

50.00

27.27

25.00

5.56

5.26

0

>7.0 (DM)

0

0

0

12.50

11.11

0

0

   HbAlc, %^a

Mean (SD)

5.05

(0.31)

5.03 (0.47)

5.33 (0.29)

-

5.43

(0.30)^c

5.16 (0.21)^h

5.35 (0.24)^c

0.80

   % of the subjects

<4.8

17.39

33.33

0

-

0

0

0

4.8–5.9

82.61

66.67

90.91

-

94.44

100.00

98.86

>5.9

0

0

9.09

-

5.55

0

1.14

   Insulin, pmol/L^b

Mean (SD)

52.40

(85.00)

62.30

(82.30)

133.80

(157.80)^c,d

19.90

(33.80)c,i

47.2

(76.00)^g,i

169.30

(368.30)^c,g,h

47.10 (34.50)^e,g,i

1.70

   % of the subjects

<17.8

0

25.00

0

22.22

20.51

0

3.37

17.8–173.0

91.67

75.00

63.64

66.67

10.53

52.63

94.38

>173.0

8.33

0

36.36

0

72.22

47.37

0

   hs-CRP, nmol/L^b

Mean (SD)

8.70

(19.30)

27.60

(44.30)

32.40

(42.90)

16.2

(98.10)

5.00

(19.30)^c

9.40 (37.20)

5.70 (10.00)^c,i

0.60

   % of the subjects

<9.5 (low risk)

54.17

50.00

36.36

33.33

17.95

52.63

15.73

9.5–28.6

(moderate)

33.33

0

9.09

22.22

64.10

15.79

70.79

>28.6 (high risk)

12.50

50.00

54.55

44.44

17.95

31.58

13.48

   Urea, mmol/L^a

<8.3

3.25

(0.88)

3.93 (0.74)

3.47 (1.72)

3.09

(105)

2.82 (0.96)

3.32 (0.67)

3.25 (0.80)

2.30

   Creatinine,

<80

58.92

66.00

62.91

83.78(12.4

58.87(11.4

71.68(14.94

57.42(7.20)^e,g

3.10

   micromol/L^a

(8.97)

(19.51)

(21.48)

3)^c

1)^g

)

   Sodium, mmol/L^b

136.0–145.0

139.95

(2.60)

140.00(8.80)

138.00

(3.00)^c

138.00

(2.50)^c

142.00

(8.60)ⁱ

140.70

(3.50)^g,i

137.00

(2.00)^c,e,g,h

0.24

   Potassium nmol/L^a

3.5–5.1

4.00

(0.25)

3.53 (0.57)

3.53

(0.21)^c

4.10

(0.17)ⁱ

3.78

(0.47)^g

4.13

(0.35)^h,i

4.69 (0.45)^c,e,g,h,i

0.44

   Albumin, g/L^b

35.0–52.0

44.45

(2.90)

45.90

(3.20)^c

46.20

(4.70)^c

46.20

(2.90)

44.50

(3.00)^d,g,i

48.90

(3.60)^c,g,h

49.20 (3.70)^g,h,i

1.90

   Total protein, g/L^b

66.0–87.0

73.45

(5.40)

77.45

(56.90)

81.70

(4.20)^c,d

77.80

(3.80)^c,i

75.20

(5.30)ⁱ

79.10

(6.50)^c,h

77.40 (6.70)^c,h,i

1.12

   ALP, U/L^a

35.0–104.0

79.76

(19.00)

92.55

(26.00)

89.80

(22.14)

76.86

(16.55)

80.06

(27.82)

73.73

(26.31)

60.18

(16.41)^c’^dhi

1.60

   ALT, U/L^a

<33.0

16.60

(7.17)

14.98

(14.82)

13.59

(21.12)^c

9.17

(6.61)

14.25

(9.38)

27.31

(28.83)^g,i

11.80 (7.74)^c,e

1.00

   Direct bilirubin, pmol/L^b

<5.1

2.00

(110)

2.20 (2.20)

2.80

(2.20)^c

-

0.80

(1.00)^c,d,i

0.90

(0.40)^c,d,i

2.40 (1.20)^c,e,h

6.40

   Total bilirubin, pmol/L^a

<21.0

8.49

(3.30)

6.90 (2.95)

9.51 (5.52)

-

3.39

(2.15)^c,i

4.43

(1.46)^c,h,i

7.04 (2.91)^c,h,i

0.46

   GGT, U/L^b

<40.0

14.45

(13.90)

23.70

(52.80)

15.80

(25.10)

8.20

(8..80)^c

20.90

(25.70)^g

17.40

(20.60)^g

10.30 (6.10)^c,d,e,h

1.80

   Ferritin, pmol/L^b

29.2–337.1

167.20

(149.50)

35.05

(84.60)

86.70

(152.60)^c,d

50.80 (145.10)^c,i

54.40

(114.70)^g,i

40.90

(46.10)^c,g,h

96.00

(118.60)^e,g,i

1.80