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Table 2 Study characteristics in 1997–99 and 2008–11 among women

From: Changes in mean serum lipids among adults in Germany: results from National Health Surveys 1997-99 and 2008-11

 

GNHIES98a N = 3288

DEGS1b N = 3458

P b

Age (mean, years)

46.2 (45.4–46.9)

47.5 (46.8–48.2)

.870

Fasting duration (%)

<4 h

27.6 (25.6–29.8)

8.5 (7.4–9.8)

<.001

 

4–8 h

42.1 (40.0–44.2)

46.3 (44.3–48.4)

 

>8 h

30.3 (28.3–32.3)

45.2 (43.1–47.2)

Educational status (%)

Low

50.5 (47.4–53.6)

36.2 (33.7–38.7)

<.001

 

Middle

40.6 (38.2–43.0)

51.3 (48.9–53.6)

 

High

8.9 (7.6–10.5)

12.6 (10.8–14.6)

Lifestyle

 Current smoking (%)

No

70.9 (69.0–72.7)

72.8 (70.7–74.7)

.790

 

Occasionally

6.0 (5.1–7.0)

5.8 (4.8–6.9)

 

Daily

23.2 (21.3–25.1)

21.5 (19.8–23.3)

 Daily coffee consumption (%)

71.3 (69.1–73.5)

78.2 (76.4–79.9)

<.001

 Daily processed foods consumption (%)

52.4 (50.0–54.8)

62.3 (60.1–64.5)

<.001

 Wholegrain bread consumption (%)

Never

7.3 (6.2–8.6)

8.9 (7.7–10.3)

<.001

 

Less than daily

45.9 (43.4–48.5)

51.9 (49.4–54.4)

 

Daily

46.8 (44.3–49.2)

39.2 (36.7–41.8)

 High alcohol consumption (%)

11.7 (10.2–13.5)

13.3 (12.0–14.7)

.300

 Sports activity (%)

No

50.7 (48.1–53.3)

32.9 (30.8–35.1)

<.001

 

Up to 2 h per week

34.0 (31.8–36.2)

45.2 (43.0–47.4)

 

Regularly, at least 2 h per week

15.4 (13.9–17.0)

21.9 (20.2–23.7)

 BMI category (%)

Normal weight

46.5 (44.2–48.9)

47.5 (45.3–49.7)

.160

 

Overweight

30.6 (28.9–32.5)

29.2 (27.3–31.1)

 

Obese

23.2 (21.3–25.1)

23.4 (21.4–25.4)

Use of Medication

 Lipid-lowering medication (%)

5.4 (4.5–6.4)

8.6 (7.5–9.8)

<.001

 Statins (%)

2.9 (2.2–3.7)

7.7 (6.7–8.7)

<.001

 Hormonal contraceptives (%)

16.8 (15.3–18.4)

21.2 (19.5–23.0)

<.001

 Postmenopausal hormone therapy (%)

11.7 (10.4–13.2)

5.0 (4.2–6.0)

<.001

Serum Lipids

 Total cholesterol (mean, mmol/l)

6.03 (5.98–6.08)

5.30 (5.24–5.37)

<.001

 Triglycerides (geometric mean, mmol/l)

1.20 (1.17–1.23)

1.10 (1.07–1.27)

<.001

 High density lipoprotein (mean, mmol/l)

1.66 (1.64–1.69)

1.58 (1.56–1.60)

<.001

  1. Differences between categorical variables were estimated with the Rao-Scott Chi-Square test and differences between mean serum lipid levels were estimated with the t-test. P values < 0.05 were considered statistical significant (bold). Mean estimates are weighted: aStandardized to population structure as of 31st December 1997; bStandardized to population structure as of 31st December 2010
  2. Number of missing values (GNHIES98/DEGS1): Fasting duration (151/9), educational status (107/24), current smoking (95/22), daily coffee consumption (106/55), daily processed food consumption (99/47), wholegrain bread consumption (114/63), high alcohol consumption (102/48), sports activity (114/92), BMI category (37/30), lipid-lowering medication/statins (13/13), hormonal contraceptives (13/13), postmenopausal hormone therapy (13/13), total cholesterol (196/40), triglycerides (196/36), high density lipoprotein (196/37)
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