| GNHIES98a N = 3144 | DEGS1b N = 3146 | P b | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean, years) | 44.3 (43.5–45.1) | 46.5 (45.8–47.2) | .600 | |
Fasting duration (%) | <4 h | 28.5 (26.3–30.9) | 10.6 (9.3–12.0) | <.001 |
 | 4 – 8 h | 48.9 (46.8–51.0) | 38.3 (36.3–40.5) | |
 | >8 h | 22.6 (20.6–24.6) | 51.1 (49.0–53.1) | |
Educational status (%) | Low | 48.2 (45.1–51.3) | 35.0 (32.2–37.9) | <.001 |
 | Middle | 36.7 (34.3–39.2) | 47.8 (45.3–50.3) | |
 | High | 15.1 (13.4–17.0) | 17.2 (15.4–19.2) | |
Lifestyle | ||||
 Current smoking (%) | No | 61.8 (59.5–64.1) | 67.7 (65.3–70.1) | .009 |
 | Occasionally | 6.0 (5.1–7.0) | 6.4 (5.4–7.7) | |
 | Daily | 32.2 (29.9–34.6) | 25.8 (23.6–28.2) | |
 Daily coffee consumption (%) | 70.5 (68.3–72.6) | 77.3 (75.3–79.2) | <.001 | |
 Daily processed foods consumption (%) | 65.4 (63.3–67.4) | 68.6 (66.3–70.8) | <.001 | |
 Wholegrain bread consumption (%) | Never | 13.8 (12.0–15.7) | 16.7 (15.0–18.5) | <.001 |
 | Less than daily | 51.8 (49.8–53.9) | 58.1 (55.9–60.3) | |
 | Daily | 34.4 (32.0–36.7) | 25.2 (23.1–27.3) | |
 High alcohol consumption (%) | 26.1 (24.0–28.4) | 18.6 (16.9–20.3) | <.001 | |
 Sports activity (%) | No | 44.9 (42.6–47.3) | 32.2 (30.1–34.5) | <.001 |
 | Up to 2 h per week | 31.8 (30.1–33.6) | 38.4 (36.1–40.8) | |
 | Regularly, at least 2 h per week | 23.3 (21.4–25.2) | 29.3 (27.4–31.4) | |
 BMI category (%) | Normal weight | 32.1 (29.8–34.5) | 32.7 (30.6–35.0) | <.001 |
 | Overweight | 48.6 (46.6–50.6) | 43.7 (41.6–45.9) | |
 | Obese | 19.3 (17.7–21.0) | 23.5 (21.3–25.9) | |
Use of Medication | ||||
 Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 5.8 (4.9–7.0) | 10.9 (9.7–12.3) | <.001 | |
 Statins (%) | 3.5 (2.8–4.3) | 9.8 (8.5–11.1) | <.001 | |
Serum Lipids | ||||
 Total cholesterol (mean, mmol/l) | 5.97 (5.91–6.03) | 5.19 (5.13–5.24) | <.001 | |
 Triglycerides (geometric mean, mmol/l) | 1.66 (1.61–1.71) | 1.42 (1.38–1.45) | <.001 | |
 High density lipoprotein (mean, mmol/l) | 1.29 (1.27–1.31) | 1.27 (1.25–1.29) | .170 |