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Table 1 Study characteristics in 1997–99 and 2008–11 among men

From: Changes in mean serum lipids among adults in Germany: results from National Health Surveys 1997-99 and 2008-11

 

GNHIES98a N = 3144

DEGS1b N = 3146

P b

Age (mean, years)

44.3 (43.5–45.1)

46.5 (45.8–47.2)

.600

Fasting duration (%)

<4 h

28.5 (26.3–30.9)

10.6 (9.3–12.0)

<.001

 

4 – 8 h

48.9 (46.8–51.0)

38.3 (36.3–40.5)

 

>8 h

22.6 (20.6–24.6)

51.1 (49.0–53.1)

Educational status (%)

Low

48.2 (45.1–51.3)

35.0 (32.2–37.9)

<.001

 

Middle

36.7 (34.3–39.2)

47.8 (45.3–50.3)

 

High

15.1 (13.4–17.0)

17.2 (15.4–19.2)

Lifestyle

 Current smoking (%)

No

61.8 (59.5–64.1)

67.7 (65.3–70.1)

.009

 

Occasionally

6.0 (5.1–7.0)

6.4 (5.4–7.7)

 

Daily

32.2 (29.9–34.6)

25.8 (23.6–28.2)

 Daily coffee consumption (%)

70.5 (68.3–72.6)

77.3 (75.3–79.2)

<.001

 Daily processed foods consumption (%)

65.4 (63.3–67.4)

68.6 (66.3–70.8)

<.001

 Wholegrain bread consumption (%)

Never

13.8 (12.0–15.7)

16.7 (15.0–18.5)

<.001

 

Less than daily

51.8 (49.8–53.9)

58.1 (55.9–60.3)

 

Daily

34.4 (32.0–36.7)

25.2 (23.1–27.3)

 High alcohol consumption (%)

26.1 (24.0–28.4)

18.6 (16.9–20.3)

<.001

 Sports activity (%)

No

44.9 (42.6–47.3)

32.2 (30.1–34.5)

<.001

 

Up to 2 h per week

31.8 (30.1–33.6)

38.4 (36.1–40.8)

 

Regularly, at least 2 h per week

23.3 (21.4–25.2)

29.3 (27.4–31.4)

 BMI category (%)

Normal weight

32.1 (29.8–34.5)

32.7 (30.6–35.0)

<.001

 

Overweight

48.6 (46.6–50.6)

43.7 (41.6–45.9)

 

Obese

19.3 (17.7–21.0)

23.5 (21.3–25.9)

Use of Medication

 Lipid-lowering medication (%)

5.8 (4.9–7.0)

10.9 (9.7–12.3)

<.001

 Statins (%)

3.5 (2.8–4.3)

9.8 (8.5–11.1)

<.001

Serum Lipids

 Total cholesterol (mean, mmol/l)

5.97 (5.91–6.03)

5.19 (5.13–5.24)

<.001

 Triglycerides (geometric mean, mmol/l)

1.66 (1.61–1.71)

1.42 (1.38–1.45)

<.001

 High density lipoprotein (mean, mmol/l)

1.29 (1.27–1.31)

1.27 (1.25–1.29)

.170

  1. Differences between categorical variables were estimated with the Rao-Scott Chi-Square test and differences between mean serum lipid levels were estimated with the t-test. P values < 0.05 were considered statistical significant (bold). Mean estimates are weighted: aStandardized to population structure as of 31st December 1997; bStandardized to population structure as of 31st December 2010
  2. Number of missing values (GNHIES98/DEGS1): Fasting duration (120/23), educational status (87/24), current smoking (66/20), daily coffee consumption (81/69), daily processed food consumption (78/59), wholegrain bread consumption (101/78), high alcohol consumption (79/61), sports activity (81/106), BMI category (15/20), lipid-lowering medication/statins (12/11), total cholesterol (172/38), triglycerides (172/34), high density lipoprotein (174/34)