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Table 3 Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (95 % CI) of skin lesions for women exposed to arsenic (As) with anemia, inflammation, iron depletion, and iron depletion in the presence of inflammation

From: A cross sectional study of anemia and iron deficiency as risk factors for arsenic-induced skin lesions in Bangladeshi women

Reference group

Model 1*

Model 2†

OR

95 % CI

OR

95 % CI

Drinking water As

Anemia

Hemoglobin < 120 g/L

2.87

(1.16, 7.11)

3.32

(1.29, 8.52)

Hemoglobin ≥ 120 g/L

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Inflammation

hs-CRP ≥10 mg/L

1.10

(0.36, 3.36)

1.11

(0.35, 3.52)

hs-CRP < 10 mg/L

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Iron depletion

Ferritin ≤ 12 μg/L

1.20

(0.51, 2.84)

1.09

(0.44, 2.71)

Ferritin > 12 μg/L

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Iron depletion w/inflammation

Ferritin < 50 μg/L and hs-CRP ≥ 10 mg/L

1.19

(0.54, 2.62)

1.03

(0.44, 2.39)

Ferritin ≥ 50 μg/L and hs-CRP < 10 mg/L

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Toenail As

Anemia

Hemoglobin < 120 g/L

2.86

(1.08, 7.62)

3.16

(1.17, 8.56)

Hemoglobin ≥ 120 g/L

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Inflammation

hs-CRP ≥10 mg/L

1.09

(0.33, 3.57)

1.03

(0.30, 3.49)

hs-CRP < 10 mg/L

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Iron depletion

Ferritin ≤ 12 μg/L

0.73

(0.30, 1.78)

0.74

(0.29, 1.88)

Ferritin > 12 μg/L

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

Iron depletion w/inflammation

Ferritin < 50 μg/L and hs-CRP ≥10 mg/L

0.77

(0.36, 1.77)

0.72

(0.30, 1.75)

Ferritin ≥ 50 μg/L and hs-CRP <10 mg/L

Ref.

-

Ref.

-

  1. *Model 1 only adjusts for arsenic exposure
  2. †Model 2 adjusts for arsenic exposure, age, educational status, and body mass index