Table 5 Comparison of manganese concentrations in urine from the present study and previous studies
From: Maternal urinary manganese and risk of low birth weight: a case–control study
Percentiles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Author (year) | Population | Number | Arithmetic Mean | 25th | 50th | 75th |
Hubei, China | Present study (2014) | Pregnant women | 816 | 0.66 μg/L 1.12 μg/g creatinine | 0.13 μg/L 0.18 μg/g creatinine | 0.38 μg/L 0.69 μg/g creatinine | 0.85 μg/L 1.87 μg/g creatinine |
Western Australia | Callan (2013) [33] | Pregnant women | 173 | 1.00 μg/L 1.22 μg/g creatinine | —— | 0.33 μg/L 0.53 μg/g creatinine | —— |
California, USA | Gunier (2014) [34] | Pregnant women | 59 | —— | 0.20 μg/L | 0.40 μg/L | 0.60 μg/L |
Bangladeshi | Ljung (2009) [22] | Pregnant women | 388 | 2.50 μg/L | 0.90 μg/L | 1.60 μg/L | 2.80 μg/L |
Canada | Health Canada (2010) [39] | Women | 5309 | 0.15 μg/L | < LOD | 0.09 μg/L | 0.17 μg/L |
Japan | Ohashi (2006) [40] | Women | 1000 | —— | —— | 0.16 μg/L 0.13 μg/g creatinine | —— |
France | Goullé (2005) [41] | General population | 100 | —— | —— | 0.31 μg/L | —— |
Germany | Heitland (2006) [42] | General population | 87 | 0. 09 μg/L | —— | —— | —— |