Table 3 Perinatal outcomes in pregnancies following maternal overweight, obesity, or gestational diabetes compared to controls

Mode of delivery (vaginal)

228

95 (87.2 %)

31 (72.1 %)

26 (72.2 %)

28 (70.0 %)^a

0.036

Placental weight (g)

227

475 ± 112

512 ± 123

571 ± 133^a

517 ± 116

0.001

Placental /fetal-ratio

226

0.147 ± 0.03

0.158 ± 0.04

0.164 ± 0.04^a

0.155 ± 0.03

0.030

Apgar score at 5 min

234

10 (10–10)

10 (10–10)

10 (10–10)

10 (10–10)

0.357

Gestational age at birth (wk)

287

39.4 ± 1.2

39.5 ± 1.4

39.8 ± 1.4

39.2 ± 1.5

0.169

Preterm birth (<37 wk)

287

2 (1.6 %)

1 (2.0 %)

2 (4.2 %)

1 (1.5 %)

0.740

Post term birth (>42 wk)

287

2 (1.6 %)

0 (0 %)

3 (6.3 %)

1 (1.5 %)

0.148

Infant gender (boy)

298

61 (48.8 %)

25 (48.1 %)

29 (59.2 %)

43 (59.7 %)

0.327

Infant birth weight (kg)

301

3.25 ± 0.39

3.29 ± 0.49

3.49 ± 0.51^a

3.31 ± 0.46

0.020

Low birth weight (<2500 g)

301

5 (3.9 %)

2 (3.8 %)

0 (0 %)

2 (2.8 %)

0.567

Macrosomia (>4000 g)

301

5 (3.9 %)

6 (11.3 %)

8 (16.3 %)^a

3 (4.2 %)

0.016

Infant birth length (cm)

236

50.4 ± 1.9

50.5 ± 1.6

51.0 ± 2.3

50.1 ± 2.4

0.192

Infant BMI (m/kg2)

236

13.0 ± 1.2

13.0 ± 1.3

13.3 ± 1.4

13.3 ± 1.6

0.464

Infant waist/height index

142

0.64 ± 0.04

0.64 ± 0.05

0.66 ± 0.05

0.67 ± 0.04^a

0.023

Infant head circumference (cm)

200

34.4 ± 1.3

34.5 ± 1.1

34.4 ± 1.6

37.7 ± 1.4

0.606

Waist circumference (cm)

147

32.3 ± 1.9

32.4 ± 2.3

33.7 ± 2.6^a

33.3 ± 1.9

0.014

Upper arm circumference (cm)

191

10.9 ± 1.0

11.3 ± 1.4

11.3 ± 1.2

11.3 ± 1.2

0.214

Chest circumference (cm)

161

33.0 ± 1.9

33.1 ± 2.7

34.4 ± 2.4^a

33.5 ± 1.6

0.031

Hip-knee length (cm)

188

11.0 ± 1.1

10.9 ± 1.1

10.8 ± 1.4

10.8 ± 1.2

0.916

Knee-heal length (cm)

190

10.7 ± 1.1

10.8 ± 1.0

11.2 ± 1.1

11.2 ± 1.4

0.074

Admission to neonatal ward

270

11 (9.2 %)

0 (0 %)

2 (4.3 %)

2 (3.4 %)

0.098