N | Normal weight n = 128 | Overweight n = 54 | Obese n = 52 | Gestational diabetes n = 76 | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode of delivery (vaginal) | 228 | 95 (87.2 %) | 31 (72.1 %) | 26 (72.2 %) | 28 (70.0 %)a | 0.036 |
Placental weight (g) | 227 | 475 ± 112 | 512 ± 123 | 571 ± 133a | 517 ± 116 | 0.001 |
Placental /fetal-ratio | 226 | 0.147 ± 0.03 | 0.158 ± 0.04 | 0.164 ± 0.04a | 0.155 ± 0.03 | 0.030 |
Apgar score at 5 min | 234 | 10 (10–10) | 10 (10–10) | 10 (10–10) | 10 (10–10) | 0.357 |
Gestational age at birth (wk) | 287 | 39.4 ± 1.2 | 39.5 ± 1.4 | 39.8 ± 1.4 | 39.2 ± 1.5 | 0.169 |
Preterm birth (<37 wk) | 287 | 2 (1.6 %) | 1 (2.0 %) | 2 (4.2 %) | 1 (1.5 %) | 0.740 |
Post term birth (>42 wk) | 287 | 2 (1.6 %) | 0 (0 %) | 3 (6.3 %) | 1 (1.5 %) | 0.148 |
Infant gender (boy) | 298 | 61 (48.8 %) | 25 (48.1 %) | 29 (59.2 %) | 43 (59.7 %) | 0.327 |
Infant birth weight (kg) | 301 | 3.25 ± 0.39 | 3.29 ± 0.49 | 3.49 ± 0.51a | 3.31 ± 0.46 | 0.020 |
Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 301 | 5 (3.9 %) | 2 (3.8 %) | 0 (0 %) | 2 (2.8 %) | 0.567 |
Macrosomia (>4000 g) | 301 | 5 (3.9 %) | 6 (11.3 %) | 8 (16.3 %)a | 3 (4.2 %) | 0.016 |
Infant birth length (cm) | 236 | 50.4 ± 1.9 | 50.5 ± 1.6 | 51.0 ± 2.3 | 50.1 ± 2.4 | 0.192 |
Infant BMI (m/kg2) | 236 | 13.0 ± 1.2 | 13.0 ± 1.3 | 13.3 ± 1.4 | 13.3 ± 1.6 | 0.464 |
Infant waist/height index | 142 | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | 0.66 ± 0.05 | 0.67 ± 0.04a | 0.023 |
Infant head circumference (cm) | 200 | 34.4 ± 1.3 | 34.5 ± 1.1 | 34.4 ± 1.6 | 37.7 ± 1.4 | 0.606 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 147 | 32.3 ± 1.9 | 32.4 ± 2.3 | 33.7 ± 2.6a | 33.3 ± 1.9 | 0.014 |
Upper arm circumference (cm) | 191 | 10.9 ± 1.0 | 11.3 ± 1.4 | 11.3 ± 1.2 | 11.3 ± 1.2 | 0.214 |
Chest circumference (cm) | 161 | 33.0 ± 1.9 | 33.1 ± 2.7 | 34.4 ± 2.4a | 33.5 ± 1.6 | 0.031 |
Hip-knee length (cm) | 188 | 11.0 ± 1.1 | 10.9 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 1.4 | 10.8 ± 1.2 | 0.916 |
Knee-heal length (cm) | 190 | 10.7 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 1.0 | 11.2 ± 1.1 | 11.2 ± 1.4 | 0.074 |
Admission to neonatal ward | 270 | 11 (9.2 %) | 0 (0 %) | 2 (4.3 %) | 2 (3.4 %) | 0.098 |