Skip to main content

Table 2 Baseline characteristics, anthropometrics, and laboratory measures during pregnancy for the 310 mothers who remained in the PREOBE trial at delivery

From: Maternal, fetal and perinatal alterations associated with obesity, overweight and gestational diabetes: an observational cohort study (PREOBE)

 

Time

N

Normal weight n = 128

Overweight n = 54

Obese n = 52

Gestational diabetes n = 76

P

Background

 Age (y)

20 wk

310

30.9 ± 4.2

32.0 ± 4.2

29.5 ± 7.8

33.7 ± 4.6a

<0.001

 Parity (>1)

306

55 (43.3 %)

24 (45.3 %)

28 (53.8 %)

35 (47.3 %)

0.637

 Smoking during pregnancy

268

17 (14.4 %)

5 (10.2 %)

7 (15.6 %)

7 (12.3 %)

0.850

 Alcohol during pregnancy

270

6 (5.1 %)

1 (2.0 %)

1 (2.2 %)

3 (5.3 %)

0.692

 Education at university-level

306

68 (53.5 %)

22 (41.5 %)

11 (21.2 %)a

27 (36.5 %)

<0.001

Supplements during pregnancy

 Iron supplementation

280

46 (36.2 %)

13 (28.9 %)

10 (21.7 %)

28 (45.2 %)

0.065

 Folic acid supplementation

260

115 (92.7 %)

38 (84.4 %)

32 (76.2 %)a

43 (87.8 %)

0.036

 B12 supplementation

259

64 (51.6 %)

22 (48.9 %)

22 (52.4 %)

35 (72.8 %)a

0.055

Anthropometrics

 Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m2)

0 wk

310

22.0 ± 1.7

23.7 ± 1.3a

33.3 ± 2.8a

27.7 ± 6.2a

<0.001

 Weight (kg)

0 wk

310

59.1 ± 5.6

72.3 ± 6.0a

87.3 ± 9.1a

72.5 ± 18.3a

<0.001

delivery

209

72.0 ± 8.8

82.2 ± 7.8a

94.8 ± 11.3a

77.9 ± 16.1a

<0.001

 Weight gain during pregnancy (kg)

delivery

209

12.5 ± 6.1

10.3 ± 5.2

7.2 ± 6.9a

6.9 ± 8.2a

<0.001

Iron status

 Ferritin (μg/l)

24 wk

240

18.3 (10–26)

18.3 (10–28)

22.7 (16–41)a

23.0 (18–30)

0.033

34 wk

299

15.7 (9–21)

12.0 (9–19)

12.8 (9–18)

16.4 (11–29)

0.011

delivery

199

21.0 (16–33)

19.6 (16–26)

17.4 (15–22)

22.0 (18–46)

0.005

 TS (%)

24 wk

242

18.9 ± 8.6

16.6 ± 6.3

15.3 ± 5.4a

20.3 ± 7.7

0.009

34 wk

300

17.1 ± 10.9

14.9 ± 7.9

12.5 ± 5.2a

19.0 ± 13.7

0.006

delivery

200

17.6 ± 12.4

16.4 ± 11.9

13.9 ± 6.0

17.4 ± 8.4

0.376

 Hb (g/l)

24 wk

222

12.6 ± 1.6

12.4 ± 1.7

12.1 ± 0.4

11.6 ± 0.8

0.136

34 wk

288

11.8 ± 1.2

11.5 ± 1.5

11.6 ± 0.8

11.8 ± 1.1

0.421

delivery

199

12.6 ± 2.0

11.4 ± 1.4a

11.4 ± 1.4a

11.6 ± 1.7a

<0.001

 MCV (fl)

24 wk

222

88.9 ± 4.4

88.9 ± 4.7

88.0 ± 4.1

89.3 ± 4.3

0.617

34 wk

288

87.3 ± 5.5

87.0 ± 5.4

85.4 ± 4.1

86.6 ± 5.1

0.193

delivery

198

86.2 ± 6.9

84.6 ± 5.3

84.1 ± 5.3

87.7 ± 4.9

0.036

Vitamins

 Vitamin B12 (pg/ml)

24 wk

59

321 ± 124

262 ± 76

309 ± 136

0.156

34 wk

87

257 ± 91

248 ± 68

307 ± 101

0.012

delivery

59

312 ± 98

221 ± 73a

263 ± 90

0.037

 Folate (ng/ml)b

24 wk

242

15.3 (11.5–19.3)

16.3 (10.5–19.7)

14.4 (8.4–19.8)

18.1 (13.4–20.0)

0.212

34 wk

300

14.8 (10.2–18.0)

13.5 (7.4–19.2)

11.4 (6.2–16.3)a

18.2 (12.3–20.0)a

<0.001

delivery

201

14.2 (9.1–18.3)

10.1 (6.0–17.4)

7.3 (5.0–14.6)a

15.1 (9.6–19.0)

0.001

Other biomarkers

 Glucose (g/l)

24 wk

242

80.5 ± 16.6

87.3 ± 16.6

84.8 ± 16.7

97.2 ± 24.4a

<0.001

34 wk

301

86.7 ± 18.6

88.0 ± 17.7

89.6 ± 17.8

93.5 ± 23.5

0.119

delivery

201

82.7 ± 28.0

86.8 ± 23.7

96.9 ± 35.3

102.2 ± 33.8a

0.002

 Insulin (μU/ml)

24 wk

104

21.8 (6.6–39.1)

36.5 (14.1–66.2)

26.9 (16.9–54.3)

21.0 (14.1–60.8)

0.306

34 wk

159

29.9 (12.9–51.4)

38.9 (24.3–63.3)

38.4 (22.8–71.0)

24.5 (12.5–42.1)

0.013

delivery

110

10.0 (5.4–15.7)

14.6 (10.7–27.5)a

12.1 (6.7–23.0)

0.008

 HbA1c (%)

24 wk

196

4.2 (4.0–4.4)

4.5 (4.2–4.9)a

4.8 (4.2–5.1)a

5.1 (4.6–5.3)a

<0.001

34 wk

258

4.5 (4.3–4.8)

4.8 (4.4–5.4)a

5.0 (4.5–4.4)a

5.1 (4.7–5.5)a

<0.001

delivery

180

4.6 (4.4–4.8)

5.0 (4.7–4.3)a

5.2 (4.5–5.5)a

5.2 (4.9–4.5)a

<0.001

 Uric acid (mg/dl)

24 wk

243

3.09 ± 0.62

3.06 ± 0.75

3.53 ± 0.72a

3.08 ± 0.51

<0.001

34 wk

301

3.62 ± 0.77

3.59 ± 0.91

3.76 ± 0.69

3.87 ± 1.04

0.186

delivery

200

4.55 ± 1.08

4.64 ± 1.41

4.64 ± 1.22

4.45 ± 0.96

0.843

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

24 wk

230

0.60 ± 0.14

0.59 ± 0.10

0.56 ± 0.10

0.58 ± 0.09

0.239

34 wk

301

0.61 ± 0.11

0.71 ± 0.62

0.59 ± 0.11

0.66 ± 0.15

0.087

delivery

201

0.64 ± 0.11

0.69 ± 0.19

0.61 ± 0.13

0.68 ± 0.17

0.096

 TSH (ng/ml)

24 wk

241

1.65 (0.98–2.08)

1.37 (1.06–2.18)

1.65 (1.11–2.32)

1.56 (1.17–2.50)

0.888

34 wk

299

1.39 (1.05–2.04)

1.34 (1.08–1.98)

1.59 (0.89–2.17)

1.39 (1.04–2.07)

0.954

delivery

200

2.24 (1.61–3.16)

2.15 (1.66–2.88)

2.09 (1.59–3.06)

2.17 (1.43–2.92)

0.781

 CRP (mg/dl)

24 wk

71

0.27 (0.16–0.34)

0.42 (0.17–0.53)a

0.68 (0.35–0.90)a

<0.001

34 wk

121

0.79 (0.43–1.2)

0.65 (0.39–1.0)a

0.96 (0.66–2.5)

0.005

delivery

89

0.56 (0.27–0.82)

0.45 (0.28–0.83)a

1.2 (0.52–2.9)a

0.042

 ESR (mm)

24 wk

91

35.7 ± 16.7

47.6 ± 16.3a

47.7 ± 14.3a

49.4 ± 20.1a

0.020

34 wk

136

47.9 ± 25.9

60.8 ± 12.4

55.0 ± 11.6

53.2 ± 19.0

0.118

delivery

103

39.6 ± 22.9

54.0 ± 22.9

47.3 ± 24.0

0.060

 Cortisol (μg/dl)

24 wk

104

21.0 ± 6.2

18.3 ± 5.7

17.1 ± 5.0a

19.5 ± 5.4

0.050

34 wk

160

22.6 ± 6.7

23.3 ± 6.4

23.3 ± 6.6

22.6 ± 7.1

0.934

delivery

112

57.5 ± 26.5

42.0 ± 15.2a

48.6 ± 18.2

0.007

  1. Data are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (IQR) and p-values are ANOVA, Chi square test, or Kruskal Wallis rank sum test respectively
  2. aSignificantly different from normal group in a multiple-comparison-adjusted-post hoc test (p-value was multiplied with the number of post hoc analyses [two or three])
  3. bHighest detectable folate level was 20 ng/ml