From: Mediators of repeat mammography in two tailored interventions for Iranian women
Time and groups receiving session | Theory | Targeted theoretical constructs | Methods used |
---|---|---|---|
Week 1–6: HBM, TPB | HBM | Perceived threat of breast cancer | Lecture for group educational session targeting: -Facts about breast cancer -Risk factors for breast cancer -Effective messages to increase the perceived threat of breast cancer and high levels of response efficacy of mammography. |
HBM | Perceived benefits to mammography | Lecture for group educational session targeting: -Facts about recommended rescreening frequency and its importance -Benefits of mammography for early detection and thus a higher chance of survival Summary pamphlet on the benefits of mammography. | |
Week 8–9: HBM, TPB | HBM | Perceived barriers to mammography | Lecture for group educational session targeting: -Personal and environmental barriers -Broad information about how to address barriers (e.g., low-cost mammography exists) Tailored individual counseling and reminder cards/ pamphlets targeting: -Women’s specific barriers (e.g., how to obtain a mammogram in relation to women’s specific spatial and temporal constraints) -Women’s response efficacy of the mammography process and perceptions about the benefits to mammography |
Week10 –13: HBM, TPB | HBM | Perceived self-efficacy | Lecture for group educational session targeting: -The ability to schedule physician visits and logistical barriers for mammography appointments -The ability to address psychosocial barriers -Women’s ability to act and survive if they receive a diagnosis (e.g., immediate treatment initiation) Tailored individual counseling and reminder cards/pamphlets targeting: -Women’s knowledge about their yearly schedule to obtain mammograms -Women’s definite action plans about how they can address matters of cost, time, or transportation (e.g., how to identify locations that offer reduced-price mammograms) -Women’s ability to talk to providers about their specific psychosocial concerns about mammography (e.g., fear of a diagnosis) |
Week 14 – 17: TPB | TPB | Perceived subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (only for TPB group) | Lecture for group educational session with participants emphasizing: -Peer support, exposure modeling and interpersonal norms. -Skills to develop social network by sharing commitment and plans for obtaining mammograms -Participants’ beliefs to accept that it is up to them to use breast cancer screening behaviors in different environmental conditions -Participants’ skills in engaging healthcare providers about mammography referrals Tailored individual counseling and reminder cards/pamphlets targeting: -Identification of family and friends who can support women in obtaining mammograms -Participants’ skills in engaging healthcare providers about mammography referrals Small group educational session with participants’ family and friends targeting: -Family/friends’ skills and abilities to support women in their ability to obtain mammograms |
Week 18: TPB | TPB | Perceived control (only for TPB group) | Tailored individual counseling and reminders/pamphlets targeting: -Women’s awareness of information regarding scheduling mammography appointments and providers with whom they can engage about appointments -Women’s specific experiences and unique challenges with environmental factors (e.g., how to minimize fear and social stigma by having a friend attend one’s appointment) |
Week 20: HBM, TPB | HBM TPB | (Self-efficacy - only for HBM group) (Perceived behavioral control - only for TPB group) | Tailored individual counseling targeting: -Women’s self-identified goals and encouragement through positive feedback and verbal persuasion concerning unique intrapersonal barriers -Women’s self-identified unique environmental barriers to attaining mammograms and strategies concerning how to respond to environmental challenges |