Variables | Middle school | High school | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMPU | Psychopathological symptoms | PMPU | Psychopathological symptoms | |||||
n (%) | χ 2 | n (%) | χ 2 | n (%) | χ 2 | n (%) | χ 2 | |
Area | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Shenyang | 407 (26.5) |  | 231 (15.1) |  | 650 (33.9) |  | 645 (33.6) |  |
 Xinxiang | 343 (15.6) | 223.37** | 224 (10.2) | 59.92** | 452 (22.8) | 149.14** | 494 (24.9) | 56.06** |
 Guangzhou | 575 (30.7) |  | 290 (15.5) |  | 281 (19.2) |  | 348 (23.8) |  |
 Chongqing | 486 (36.8) |  | 256 (19.4) |  | 659 (33.9) |  | 499 (25.7) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Boys | 863 (24.9) | 5.57* | 459 (13.3) | 8.19* | 946 (29.1) | 3.78 | 823 (25.3) | 10.42* |
 Girls | 948 (27.4) |  | 542 (15.7) |  | 1096 (27.0) |  | 1163 (28.7) |  |
Registered permanent residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Rural | 733 (23.9) | 15.17** | 418 (13.6) | 3.26 | 1000 (27.9) | 0.006 | 1009 (28.2) | 3.40 |
 Urban | 1078 (28.0) |  | 583 (15.2) |  | 1042 (28.0) |  | 977 (26.2) |  |
Any siblings | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 733 (23.4) | 23.40** | 430 (13.7) | 2.67 | 931 (26.1) | 11.44* | 976 (27.4) | 0.15 |
 No | 1078 (28.5) |  | 571 (15.1) |  | 1111 (29.7) |  | 1010 (27.0) |  |
Perceived family economic | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Low | 188 (31.6) |  | 135 (22.7) |  | 351 (27.3) |  | 465 (36.1) |  |
 Medium | 1220 (25.2) | 12.09* | 676 (14.0) | 36.71** | 1462 (27.7) | 3.13 | 1294 (24.5) | 74.47** |
 High | 403 (27.2) |  | 190 (12.8) |  | 229 (30.7) |  | 227 (30.4) |  |
Parental expectations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Low | 46 (42.2) |  | 38 (34.9) |  | 31 (44.9) |  | 39 (56.5) |  |
 Medium | 445 (28.2) | 19.99** | 254 (16.1) | 43.35** | 580 (28.2) | 10.23* | 508 (24.7) | 37.28** |
 High | 1320 (25.3) |  | 709 (13.6) |  | 1431 (27.6) |  | 1439 (27.8) |  |
Academic performance | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Low | 546 (35.9) |  | 364 (23.9) |  | 726 (32.7) |  | 805 (36.2) |  |
 Medium | 963 (24.3) | 99.38** | 476 (12.0) | 140.53** | 1101 (26.2) | 36.18** | 972 (23.1) | 131.79** |
 High | 302 (21.2) |  | 161 (11.3) |  | 215 (24.5) |  | 209 (23.8) |  |
Number of friends | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 0 | 72 (34.8) |  | 84 (40.6) |  | 62 (25.4) |  | 127 (52.0) |  |
 1–2 | 410 (29.8) | 26.36** | 307 (22.3) | 226.74** | 426 (27.4) | 2.56 | 534 (34.4) | 148.50** |
 3–5 | 693 (26.3) |  | 331 (12.6) |  | 933 (28.8) |  | 814 (25.1) |  |
  ≥6 | 636 (23.6) |  | 279 (10.4) |  | 621 (27.4) |  | 511 (22.5) |  |
Cigarette use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 203 (51.9) | 141.92** | 138 (35.3) | 145.08** | 387 (42.3) | 106.89** | 349 (38.1) | 63.47** |
 No | 1608 (24.6) |  | 863 (13.2) |  | 1655 (25.9) |  | 1637 (25.6) |  |
Alcohol Use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 1220 (34.7) | 269.32** | 677 (19.3) | 132.64** | 1582 (31.3) | 91.50** | 1481 (29.3) | 37.24** |
 No | 591 (17.4) |  | 324 (9.5) |  | 460 (20.4) |  | 505 (22.4) |  |