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Table 2 Characteristics of Kuwaiti Adults by Diabetes Status, NNSSK 2008-2009

From: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with high prevalence of diabetes in Kuwaiti adults: results from a national survey

 

Nondiabetic

(N = 388)

Prediabetica

(N = 324)

Diabetica

(N = 244)

P value

Age (yr),mean (SD)

34.6 (11.5)

45.5 (13.0)

54.7 (11.4)

<0.0001

Sex, N (%)

    

 Male

165 (42.5)

148 (46.0)

122 (50.0)

 

 Female

223 (57.5)

175 (54.0)

122 (50.0)

0.18

Education, N (%)

 Less than high school

78 (20.1)

91 (28.1)

122 (50.0)

 

 High school

76 (19.6)

55 (17.0)

36 (14.7)

 

 College or higher

234 (60.3)

178 (54.9)

86 (35.3)

<0.0001

BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)

27.9 (6.3)

31.1 (6.5)

31.5 (5.7)

<0.0001

N (%)

 <25

130 (33.7)

48 (14.9)

27 (11.1)

 

 25–29

145 (37.6)

102 (31.6)

73 (30.0)

 

 ≥30

111 (28.8)

173 (53.5)

143 (58.9)

<0.0001

Physical activityb, N (%)

 Sedentary

296 (76.9)

282 (87.3)

222 (91.0)

 

 Active

89 (23.1)

41 (12.7)

22 (9.0)

<0.0001

Smoking status, N (%)

 Nonsmokers

264 (68.0)

218 (67.3)

164 (67.2)

 

 Former smokers

35 (9.0)

44 (13.6)

43 (17.6)

 

 Current smokers

89 (22.9)

62 (19.1)

37 (15.2)

0.01

Season of blood drawc, N (%)

 Winter/Spring

201 (51.8)

192 (59.3)

135 (55.6)

 

 Summer/fall

187 (48.2)

132 (40.7)

108 (44.4)

0.14

Dietary intake of vitamin D, IU/day per 1,000 kcal

 Median (IQR)

17.2 (43.7)

16.4 (41.8)

26.2 (57.1)

0.04

N (%)

 Low (<20.9)

195 (51.5)

171 (53.9)

102 (42.7)

 

 High (≥20.9)

184 (48.5)

146 (46.1)

137 (57.3)

0.02

Supplemental use of vitamin D, N (%)

 No

375 (96.7)

305 (94.1)

233 (95.5)

 

 Yes

13 (3.4)

19 (5.9)

11 (4.5)

0.27

Dietary intake of calcium, mg/day per 1,000 kcal

 Median (IQR)

303.1 (216.3)

328.5 (230.3)

357.7 (259.8)

0.003

N (%)

 Low (<348.2)

217 (55.9)

154 (47.5)

108 (44.4)

 

 High (≥348.2)

171 (44.1)

170 (52.5)

135 (55.6)

0.01

Supplemental use of calcium, N (%)

 No

356 (91.8)

294 (90.7)

218 (89.3)

 

 Yes

32 (8.3)

30 (9.3)

26 (10.7)

0.59

  1. aAccording to the American Diabetes Association’s criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes [2], a subject was defined as having diabetes if fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥ 6.5 %, or if he/she reported a physician diagnosis of diabetes or use of medications to control diabetes. A subject was defined as having prediabetes if fasting glucose = 5.6–6.9 mmol/L or HbA1c = 5.7–6.4 %
  2. bA subject was defined as being physically active if having moderate physical activity ≥150 min/week or strenuous physical activity ≥75 min/week, and physically inactive otherwise, according to the 2008 CDC physical activity guidelines [1]
  3. cSpring and summer seasons were Feb.16–Nov.4, and fall and winter seasons were Nov.5-Feb.15
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