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Table 1 Characteristics of Kuwaiti Adults by Vitamin D Status, NNSSK 2008–2009

From: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with high prevalence of diabetes in Kuwaiti adults: results from a national survey

 

Vitamin D status (Serum 25(OH)D)

 
 

Sufficient

(≥20 ng/ml)

(N = 165)

Inadequate

(12–19.9 ng/ml)

(N = 447)

Deficient

(<12 ng/ml)

(N = 348)

P value

Age (year), mean (SD)

49.6 (15.2)

44.2 (14.5)

39.3 (12.7)

<0.0001

Sex, N (%)

 Male

84 (50.9)

238 (53.2)

114 (32.8)

<0.0001

 Female

81 (49.1)

209 (46.8)

234 (67.2)

 

Education, N (%)

 Less than high school

70 (42.4)

146 (32.7)

76 (21.8)

<0.0001

 High school

17 (10.3)

79 (17.7)

72 (20.7)

 

 College or higher

78 (42.3)

222 (49.7)

200 (57.5)

 

BMI (kg/m 2 ), mean (SD)

28.3 (5.1)

30.1 (6.5)

30.4 (6.8)

0.001

  N (%)

 <25

44 (26.7)

91 (20.5)

70 (20.2)

0.01

 25–29

67 (40.6)

149 (33.6)

105 (30.3)

 

 ≥30

54 (32.7)

204 (46.0)

172 (49.6)

 

Physical activitya, N (%)

 Sedentary

140 (84.9)

367 (82.5)

297 (85.8)

0.42

 Active

25 (15.2)

78 (17.5)

49 (14.2)

 

Smoking status, N (%)

 Nonsmokers

102 (61.8)

286 (64.0)

262 (75.3)

0.005

 Former smokers

24 (14.6)

63 (14.1)

35 (10.1)

 

 Current smokers

39 (23.6)

98 (21.9)

51 (14.7)

 

Season of blood drawb, N (%)

 Winter/Spring

9 (5.5)

64 (14.6)

66 (19.5)

0.0002

 Summer/fall

155 (94.5)

374 (85.4)

273 (80.5)

 

Dietary intake of vitamin D (IU/day per 1,000 kcal)

 Median (IQR)

26.7 (57.3)

19.9 (47.1)

14.8 (41.0)

0.02

N (%)

 Low (<20.9)

195 (51.5)

171 (53.9)

137 (57.3)

0.02

 High (≥20.9)

184 (48.5)

146 (46.1)

102 (42.7)

 

Supplemental use of vitamin D, N (%)

 No

148 (89.7)

428 (95.8)

341 (98.0)

0.0001

 Yes

17 (10.3)

19 (4.3)

7 (2.0)

 

Dietary intake of calcium (mg/day per 1,000 kcal)

 Median (IQR)

368.8 (265.4)

319.2 (236.8)

296.8 (208.3)

0.0004

N(%)

    

 Low (<348.2)

217 (55.9)

154 (47.5)

108 (44.4)

0.01

 High (≥348.2)

171 (44.1)

170 (52.5)

135 (55.6)

 

Supplemental use of calcium, N (%)

 No

136 (82.4)

406 (90.8)

329 (94.5)

<0.0001

 Yes

29 (17.6)

41 (9.2)

19 (5.5)

 
  1. aA subject was defined as being physically active if having moderate physical activity ≥150 min/week or strenuous physical activity ≥75 min/week, and physically inactive otherwise, according to the 2008 CDC physical activity guidelines [1]
  2. bSpring and summer seasons were Feb.16-Nov.4, and fall and winter seasons were Nov.5–Feb.15
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