A multilevel analysis to explain self-reported adverse health effects and adaptation to urban heat: a cross-sectional survey in the deprived areas of 9 Canadian cities

Bélanger, Diane; Abdous, Belkacem; Valois, Pierre; Gosselin, Pierre; Sidi, Elhadji A. Laouan

doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2749-y

Table 2 3-level multivariate linear regression model of the adaptation index when it is very hot and humid in summer: fixed part

From: A multilevel analysis to explain self-reported adverse health effects and adaptation to urban heat: a cross-sectional survey in the deprived areas of 9 Canadian cities

Fixed part	M₀ ^a	M₀₀ ^b	M₀₀₀ ^c	M_000:1 ^d	M_000:12 ^e	M_000:123 ^f
Fixed part	Β (SE)^g,h	Β (SE)^g,h	Β (SE)^g,h	Β (SE)^g,h	Β (SE)^g,h	Β (SE)^g,h
Constant	−0.026 (0.017)	−0.153 (0.021)****	−0.140 (0.027)****	0.727 (0.088)****	0.724 (0.094)****	0.957 (0.124)****
Addition of individual-level covariables
Age
18–44 (vs ≥ 65 years)				−0.566 (0.047)****	−0.565 (0.047)****	−0.572 (0.047)****
45–64 (vs ≥ 65 years)				−0.344 (0.041)****	−0.344 (0.041)****	−0.344 (0.041)****
Perceived need of more infrastructure and services in the neighbourhood of residence to adapt better when it is very hot and humid in summer:
Yes, in urban planning (vs no)				−0.303 (0.036)****	−0.303 (0.036)****	−0.301 (0.036)****
Yes, in other areas such as public transport (vs no)				−0.151 (0.052)**	−0.150 (0.052)**	−0.150 (0.051)**
Self-reported adverse health impacts when it is very hot and humid in summer				−0.281 (0.034)****	−0.281 (0.034)****	−0.285 (0.034)****
Face to face with friends a few times a month or more (vs. no)				−0.284 (0.062)****	−0.284 (0.062)****	−0.282 (0.062)****
≥2 caregivers in the last year living in the same neighbourhood but not in the same dwelling (vs <2)				−0.209 (0.039)****	−0.209 (0.039)****	−0.207 (0.039)****
≥2 caregivers in the last year living <80 km from the dwelling but not in the same neighbourhood (vs <2)				−0.186 (0.034)****	−0.186 (0.034)****	−0.181 (0.034)****
Automobile as the primary mode of transportation for local travel within the past year (vs. no)				−0.100 (0.034)**	−0.100 (0.034)**	−0.097 (0.034)**
No physical activity in the last 3 months (vs yes)				0.332 (0.036)****	0.332 (0.036)****	0.334 (0.036)****
≥1 functional disability:
Often (vs. never)				0.223 (0.048)****	0.223 (0.048)****	0.221 (0.048)****
Sometimes (vs. never)				0.128 (0.050)**	0.127 (0.050)**	0.125 (0.050)**
Satisfaction with quality of dwelling’s thermal insulation in summer:
Not centered (continuous)				0.081 (0.016)****
Centered on the building average (continuous)					0.080 (0.023)****	0.079 (0.023)****
Addition of building-level covariables
By building, average satisfaction with quality of dwelling’s thermal insulation in summer (continuous)					0.081 (0.022)****	0.082 (0.022)****
Addition of da-level covariables
By DA, average duration of residence in the same dwelling (continuous)						−0.028 (0.010)**
By DA, walkability index (continuous)						−0.013 (0.007)*

^aM₀ = 1-level null model (individuals, I). ^bM₀₀ = 2-levels null model (I + buildings, B). ^cM₀₀₀ = 3-level null model (I + B + DA). ^dM_000:1 = 3-level model with covariables of individual-level. ^eM_000:12 = 3-level model with covariables of individual-level and building-level. ^fM_000:123= 3-level model with covariables of individual-level, building-level and DA-level. ^gβ (ES): estimated β coefficient (standard error). ^h p values: ****: p ≤0.0001; ***: p ≤0.001; **: p ≤0.01; *: p ≤0.05

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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