Table 2 Energy drink consumption (without alcohol) of past year consumers according to awareness of guidelines

% ED use every two weeks +

46 (41–51)

39 (33–44)

30 (19–44)

26 (21–32)

0.75 (0.55–1.00), p  = .054

0.51 (0.27–0.96), p  = .037

0.42 (0.30–0.59), p  < .001

% Monthly or more frequent intake in excess of guidelines

19 (15–23)

11 (8–15)

10 (4–21)

7 (5–11)

0.54 (0.35–0.83), p  = .005

0.48 (0.18–1.24), p = .130

0.34 (0.20–0.57), p  < .001

Typical ED intake (M, SD)

1.6 (1.1)

1.4 (0.7)

1.7 (1.7)

1.4 (1.0)

0.74 (0.62–0.89), p  = .002

1.04 (0.83–1.31), p = .724

0.82 (0.69–0.98), p  = .027

% Typical intake exceeds ED guidelines

8 (6–10)

11 (8–15)

6 (4–9)

9 (4–20)

0.49 (0.27–0.87), p  = .016

0.75 (0.26–2.21), p = .605

0.54 (0.30–0.99), p  = .046

Maximum ED intake (M, SD)

2.9 (2.3)

2.3 (1.7)

2.9 (3.7)

2.1 (2.0)

0.87 (0.80–0.95), p  = .001

1.01 (0.90–1.12), p = .921

0.81 (0.74–0.90), p  < .001

% Maximum intake exceeds ED guidelines

43 (38–48)

27 (22–32)

36 (23–50)

24 (20–30)

0.50 (0.36–0.69), p  < .001

0.74 (0.39–1.41), p = .364

0.44 (0.31–0.62), p  < .001