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Table 3 Characteristics of income-education groups and association with incidence of CHD stratified by 65 years

From: The impact of the combination of income and education on the incidence of coronary heart disease in the prospective Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study

 

High income-high education

Low incomea-high education

High income-low educationb

Low incomea-low educationb

P-Value

Age

 

<65

 

 N

7234

3696

167

723

 

 Age, mean ± SD

56.6 ± 5.00

57.5 ± 4.94

56.9 ± 5.14

58.4 ± 4.70

<0.001

 Black, n (%)

2468 (34.1)

2115 (57.2)

69 (41.3)

525 (72.6)

<0.001

 Women, n (%)

3844 (53.1)

2516 (68.1)

78 (46.7)

494 (68.3)

<0.001

 Had diabetes, n (%)

932 (13.3)

878 (24.7)

28 (17.1)

220 (31.7)

<0.001

 Hypertension, n (%)

3157 (43.7)

2161 (58.6)

79 (47.3)

512 (71.0)

<0.001

 Antihypertensive medication use, n (%)

2676 (37.3)

1845 (36.7)

61 (37.4)

445 (62.4)

<0.001

 Statin use, n (%)

1758 (24.5)

881 (24.0)

39 (23.4)

199 (27.9)

0.177

 Current Smoking, n (%)

971 (13.5)

904 (34.5)

41 (24.7)

231 (32.0)

<0.001

 # of Events

131

137

3

44

 

 Person-years

42525.61

20566.18

972.03

3803.07

 

 Incidence Rate per 1000 person-years (95 % CI)

3.0 (2.6–3.6)

6.4 (5.4–7.6)

3.0 (1.0–9.4)

10.8 (8.0–14.6)

 

 Crude HR (95 % CI)

ref

2.23 (1.76–2.83)

0.96 (0.31–3.02)

3.58 (2.56–4.99)

 

 Fully adjusted HR (95 % CI)c

ref

1.69 (1.30–2.20)

0.69 (0.22–2.16)

2.07 (1.42–3.01)

 

Age

 

≥65

 

 N

3921

4259

126

1286

<0.001

 Age, mean ± SD

71.4 ± 5.35

72.8 ± 5.87

72.7 ± 5.76

73.3 ± 6.12

<0.001

 Black, n (%)

1082 (27.6)

1832 (43.0)

59 (46.8)

905 (70.4)

<0.001

 Women, n (%)

1625 (41.4)

2822 (66.3)

35 (27.8)

780 (60.7)

<0.001

 Had diabetes, n (%)

616 (16.2)

885 (21.7)

34 (28.1)

411 (33.6)

<0.001

 Hypertension, n (%)

2321 (59.4)

2782 (65.5)

87 (69.1)

934 (72.7)

<0.001

 Antihypertensive medication use, n (%)

2005 (51.4)

2394 (56.8)

76 (60.1)

811 (64.0)

<0.001

 Statin use, n (%)

1332 (34.3)

1299 (30.7)

47 (37.3)

426 (33.5)

0.0031

 Current Smoking, n (%)

248 (6.34)

478 (11.3)

13 (10.3)

199 (15.5)

<0.001

 # of Events

204

188

11

91

 

 Person-years

23226.34

24270.08

668.03

6874.68

 

 Incidence Rate (95 % CI)

9.0 (7.8–10.3)

7.4 (6.4–8.5)

15.8 (8.8–28.6)

12.3 (10.0–15.1)

 

 Crude HR (95 % CI)

ref

0.88 (0.73–1.07)

1.82 (1.02–3.25)

1.58 (1.27–1.98)

 

 Fully adjusted HR (95 % CI)c

ref

0.82 (0.67–1.01)

1.39 (0.77–2.49)

1.16 (0.90–1.50)

 
  1. aLow income defined as annual household income <$35,000. bLow education defined <high school education
  2. cFully adjusted adjusts for sex, age, race, geographic region of residence, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, albumin-to-creatinine ratio, baseline cardiovascular disease (stroke, periphery artery disease, aortic aneurism), and diabetes, insurance status, statins, antihypertensive medications, insulin use, baseline depressive symptoms and perceived stress
  3. CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation
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