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Table 1 Socio-demographic, injection drug use, HIV prevalence and care and environmental characteristics of current injection drug users participating and the prevalence of self-reported non lethal overdose within the last 12 months from cross sectional studies in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia (in 2012) and St Petersburg, Russia (in 2012 – 2013)

From: Non-fatal overdoses and related risk factors among people who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia

 

Kohtla-Järve (Estonia),

N = 588

St Petersburg (Russia),

N = 811

Characteristics

n

%

Overdose last 12 months (%)

n

%

Overdose last 12 months (%)

Socio-demographic indicators

      

Age

  

p = 0.134

  

p = 0.337

 29 or less

295

50 %

25 %

245

30 %

18 %

 30 or more

293

50 %

30 %

566

70 %

15 %

Gender

  

p = 0.833

  

p = 0.423

 Male

435

74 %

27 %

631

78 %

16 %

 Female

152

26 %

28 %

180

22 %

18 %

Main source of income (last 6 months)

  

p = 0.239

  

p = 0.021

 Work (full/part time)

192

33 %

23 %

590

73 %

14 %

 Social benefits

263

45 %

30 %

22

3 %

14 %

 Other

127

22 %

31 %

199

25 %

23 %

Drug use characteristics

      

Duration of injecting

  

p < 0.001

  

p = 0.008

 < = 9 years

230

39 %

16 %

170

21 %

9 %

 = > 10 years

356

61 %

35 %

640

79 %

18 %

Frequency of injecting (last 4 weeks)

  

p < 0.001

  

p < 0.001

 < Daily

447

76 %

24 %

524

65 %

11 %

 Daily +

139

24 %

40 %

287

35 %

26 %

Main drug injected (last 4 weeks)

  

p < 0.001

  

p = 0.116

 Amphetamine

195

35 %

14 %

27

3 %

4 %

 Fentanyl

350

62 %

34 %

4

0 %

25 %

 Heroin

1

0 %

 

563

69 %

18 %

 Methadone

0

0 %

 

217

27 %

14 %

Injecting multiple drugs (last 4 weeks)

  

p = 0.124

  

p = 0.003

 No

378

64 %

25 %

495

61 %

8 %

 Yes

210

36 %

31 %

316

39 %

21 %

Non-injecting drug use (last 4 weeks)

  

p = 0.575

  

p = 0.037

 No

324

57 %

27 %

755

93 %

15 %

 Yes

246

43 %

29 %

56

7 %

27 %

Sharing (last 4 weeks)

  

p < 0.001

  

p < 0.001

 No

492

85 %

24 %

277

34 %

7 %

 Yes

88

15 %

49 %

534

66 %

21 %

Problem alcohol use

  

p = 0.009

  

p < 0.001

 No

247

42 %

22 %

275

34 %

8 %

 Yes

341

58 %

32 %

536

66 %

21 %

Mental health (MHI 5)

  

p = 0.003

  

p < 0.001

 > = 52

362

62 %

23 %

536

66 %

13 %

 <52

221

38 %

35 %

275

34 %

23 %

Structural (environmental) characteristics

      

Homelessness (current)

  

p = 0.619

  

p = 0.454

 No

583

99 %

27 %

798

98 %

16 %

 Yes

5

1 %

40 %

13

2 %

14 %

Ever been in prison

  

p < 0.001

  

p = 0.368

 No

266

45 %

19 %

537

66 %

17 %

 Yes

322

55 %

35 %

274

34 %

15 %

Main source of syringes (last 4 weeks)

  

p = 0.0018

  

p = 0.0121

Needle and syringe program (NSP)

445

77 %

30 %

119

15 %

11 %

 Pharmacy

76

13 %

16 %

615

76 %

19 %

 Other

26

5 %

35 %

30

4 %

10 %

 None

29

5 %

7 %

46

6 %

4 %

Currently receiving drug treatment

  

p > 0.9

  

p = 0.133

 No

216

68 %

32 %

563

97 %

18 %

 Yes

102

32 %

32 %

19

3 %

32 %

HIV infection and care

      

HIV infected

  

p = 0.013

  

p = 0.021

 No

218

37 %

22 %

359

44 %

13 %

 Yes

370

63 %

31 %

452

56 %

19 %

Currently on ART

  

p = 0.342

  

p = 0.051

 No

247

67 %

33 %

403

90 %

20 %

 Yes

123

33 %

28 %

47

10 %

9 %