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Table 2 Participants’ health-related variables by Stages of Change (n = 506)

From: Validity of the Stages of Change in Steps instrument (SoC-Step) for achieving the physical activity goal of 10,000 steps per day

 

Precontemplation

n = 16

Mean ± SD

Contemplation

n = 201

Mean ± SD

Preparation

n = 214

Mean ± SD

Action

n = 13

Mean ± SD

Maintenance

n = 60

Mean ± SD

p-valuea

Steps per dayb

7,147 ± 3,166

6,998 ± 2,119

7,077 ± 2,210

7,864 ± 2,550

8,464 ± 2,917

p = 0.015

Waist circumference

102.7 ± 13.5

100.6 ± 14.8

101.3 ± 15.2

100.5 ± 17.5

91.8 ± 12.8

p < 0.001

Body mass index

30.7 ± 5.5

29.7 ± 6.1

29.9 ± 6.0

28.3 ± 4.8

25.2 ± 4.1

p < 0.001

Intention

2.5 ± 1.3

3.8 ± 0.7

4.3 ± 0.6

4.0 ± 0.7

4.4 ± 0.6

p < 0.001

Self-efficacy PA

6.2 ± 2.8

8.1 ± 1.8

8.9 ± 1.6

9.9 ± 0.8

10.0 ± 1.1

p < 0.001

Self-efficacy barriers to PA

5.1 ± 2.4

6.5 ± 1.9

7.0 ± 1.9

7.5 ± 1.9

7.8 ± 1.6

p < 0.001

Attitudes

3.1 ± 1.0

4.0 ± 0.5

4.1 ± 0.5

4.1 ± 0.6

4.1 ± 0.7

p < 0.001

Physical functioning

76.3 ± 27.2

82.6 ± 18.2

85.9 ± 15.0

87.3 ± 17.5

94.8 ± 7.9

p < 0.001

Role physical

68.8 ± 38.2

78.7 ± 34.5

82.8 ± 30.5

76.9 ± 33.0

92.9 ± 16.7

p = 0.035

Energy fatigue

52.8 ± 17.9

53.2 ± 18.8

55.7 ± 20.5

66.2 ± 15.6

64.7 ± 18.7

p = 0.001

Emotional wellbeing

68.3 ± 19.8

75.4 ± 16.5

78.7 ± 14.8

78.8 ± 14.5

81.1 ± 13.8

p = 0.041

Role emotional

56.3 ± 48.3

78.3 ± 33.6

82.9 ± 30.6

87.2 ± 32.0

87.8 ± 28.1

p = 0.021

Social functioning

77.3 ± 25.1

85.1 ± 19.0

86.7 ± 19.0

81.7 ± 22.6

91.3 ± 17.0

p = 0.033

Pain score

72.7 ± 27.4

78.0 ± 20.9

77.7 ± 21.9

72.3 ± 29.8

87.6 ± 15.0

p = 0.015

General health

50.9 ± 16.1

62.0 ± 19.9

63.6 ± 20.0

68.8 ± 11.9

79.1 ± 15.0

p < 0.001

  1. Note: Means and SD shown for descriptive purposes
  2. aExact p value is from Kruskal-Wallis test of overall difference among Stages of Change distributions (not based on means, due to data skewness)
  3. bSteps per day adjusted for total accelerometer wear time