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Table 1 Name and descriptive statistics for study variables by residency and hukou status

From: Urban-rural disparities in child nutrition-related health outcomes in China: The role of hukou policy

  

Urban Residents

 

Rural Residents

 

Variable

Full

Urban hukou

Rural hukou

 

Urban hukou

Rural hukou

 

Sample Size

N = 9616

N = 2103

N = 298

 

N = 985

N = 6230

 

Health and nutritional status

 Height-for-age z-score

−0.83

−0.36

−0.77

***

−0.51

−1.04

***

 Weight-for-age z-scorea

−0.56

−0.18

−0.39

*

−0.19

−0.73

***

Control variables

Girl

0.47

0.47

0.41

*

0.49

0.47

 

Han

0.85

0.89

0.94

***

0.91

0.82

***

Student

0.79

0.84

0.75

***

0.85

0.76

***

Health insurance

0.27

0.29

0.23

**

0.31

0.26

***

Child age

      

***

 0–5

0.08

0.07

0.08

 

0.05

0.09

 

 6–11

0.46

0.43

0.41

 

0.45

0.47

 

 12–17

0.47

0.50

0.51

 

0.50

0.45

 

Living with mother

0.90

0.86

0.90

 

0.90

0.91

 

Living with father

0.93

0.91

0.93

 

0.93

0.93

 

Living with grandparents

0.27

0.31

0.18

***

0.32

0.26

***

Household head is male

0.84

0.78

0.81

 

0.80

0.87

***

Household size

4.38

3.84

4.42

***

4.14

4.60

***

Household income (in 2009 value)

  

**

  

***

  < 10,000

0.28

0.26

0.34

 

0.17

0.31

 

 10,001–20,000

0.34

0.34

0.28

 

0.31

0.34

 

 20,001–30,000

0.17

0.17

0.17

 

0.21

0.16

 

 30,000 and above

0.21

0.23

0.20

 

0.31

0.19

 

Mother’s age

37.81

38.24

38.39

 

37.59

37.67

 

Mother’s height

155.86

157.52

158.01

 

156.97

155.04

***

Mother’s BMI

22.55

22.61

23.10

**

22.85

22.46

***

Mother’s education

   

***

  

***

  < primary school

0.23

0.07

0.16

 

0.12

0.31

 

 Primary school

0.23

0.11

0.26

 

0.14

0.29

 

 Lower middle school

0.34

0.35

0.44

 

0.44

0.32

 

 Upper middle school

0.17

0.40

0.14

 

0.25

0.08

 

 College

0.02

0.08

0.00

 

0.04

0.00

 

Mother smokes

0.02

0.01

0.00

 

0.01

0.03

***

Mother drinks

0.10

0.12

0.06

***

0.09

0.10

 

Father’s age

39.34

40.34

39.14

***

39.29

39.04

 

Father’s height

166.38

168.32

167.58

*

167.90

165.47

***

Father’s BMI

22.53

23.38

23.93

***

23.27

22.08

***

Father’s education

   

***

  

***

  < primary school

0.09

0.03

0.10

 

0.05

0.12

 

 Primary school

0.21

0.09

0.18

 

0.14

0.27

 

 Lower middle school

0.43

0.36

0.38

 

0.45

0.45

 

Upper middle school

0.23

0.40

0.32

 

0.30

0.16

 

 College

0.03

0.13

0.02

 

0.06

0.00

 

Father smokes

0.67

0.64

0.65

 

0.67

0.67

 

Father drinks

0.69

0.72

0.74

 

0.68

0.68

 

Presence of mother

0.91

0.89

0.91

 

0.91

0.92

 

Presence of father

0.88

0.84

0.87

 

0.88

0.90

*

Province

   

***

  

***

 Liaoning

0.08

0.07

0.03

 

0.18

0.07

 

 Heilongjiang

0.09

0.11

0.00

 

0.03

0.10

 

 Jiangsu

0.10

0.12

0.01

 

0.14

0.09

 

 Shandong

0.09

0.09

0.22

 

0.13

0.07

 

 Henan

0.11

0.11

0.19

 

0.03

0.12

 

 Hubei

0.12

0.09

0.14

 

0.11

0.12

 

 Hunan

0.11

0.11

0.27

 

0.27

0.08

 

 Guangxi

0.15

0.13

0.06

 

0.07

0.17

 

 Guizhuo

0.16

0.16

0.08

 

0.04

0.18

 

Wave

   

**

  

***

 1993

0.26

0.23

0.31

 

0.21

0.27

 

 1997

0.22

0.21

0.21

 

0.19

0.23

 

 2000

0.18

0.20

0.17

 

0.20

0.18

 

 2004

0.13

0.14

0.08

 

0.16

0.13

 

 2006

0.10

0.11

0.11

 

0.12

0.10

 

 2009

0.10

0.10

0.11

 

0.12

0.10

 
  1. χ 2 test for category variables and t-test for continuous variables. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01