Table 2 Impact of baseline internalizing behavioural problems, extracurricular activities, family, and school factors on internalizing behavioural problems

Model 1

Extracurricular activity

 Sports (yes)

-.16^**

.05

.85

.77–.94

-.25^*

.10

.78

.64–.94

 Volunteering (yes)

-.02

.06

.98

.88–1.1

 Expressive (yes)

.25^***

.05

1.3

1.2–1.4

.25^*

.10

1.3

1.1–1.6

 Religious club (yes)

.31^**

.11

1.4

1.1–1.7

 Youth club (yes)

-.11

.06

.90

.80–1.0

Family factors

 Parent Status (single)

.11^*

.05

1.1

1.0–1.2

.01

.10

1.0

.82–1.2

 Parent-adolescent relationship (bad)

.36^***

.07

1.4

1.2–1.6

.45^***

.12

1.6

1.3–2.0

School factors

 Bully victim (no)

  1 type

.76^***

.05

2.1

1.9–2.4

1.1^***

.11

3.0

2.4–3.7

  2 types

.88^***

.06

2.4

2.1–2.7

1.3^***

.12

3.7

2.9–4.7

  3 or 4 types

1.4^***

.07

4.0

3.5–4.7

1.9^***

.12

6.9

5.4–8.8

Moderating effect

Model 2

Sport

Parent-adolescent relationship

 Good

-.21^***

.05

.81

.73–.90

-.27^*

.11

.76

.62–.94

 Bad

.17

.13

1.2

.92–1.5

.18

.24

.84

.52–1.3

Bully Victim (no)

-.09

.06

.91

.81–1.0

-.21

.14

.81

.61–1.1

 1 type

-.28^*

.11

.76

.61–.94

-.33

.19

.72

.50–1.0

 2 types

-.43^**

.14

.65

.50–.86

-.01

.22

1.0

.65–1.5

 3 or 4 types

-.07

.16

.93

.68–1.3

-.46^*

.22

.63

.41–.97

Expressive

Parent-adolescent relationship

 Good

.22^***

.05

1.3

1.2–1.4

.19

.11

1.2

.91–1.5

 Bad

.48^**

.15

1.6

1.2–2.2

.65^**

.25

1.9

1.2–3.1

Bully Victim (no)

.26^***

.07

1.3

1.3–1.5

.28

.16

1.3

.98–1.8

 1 type

.29^**

.10

1.3

1.1–1.6

.25

.18

1.3

.89–1.8

 2 types

.13

.12

1.1

.95–1.4

.33

.22

1.4

.91–2.1

 3 or 4 types

.24

.14

1.3

.96–1.7

.12

.22

1.1

.74–1.7

Religious

Parent-adolescent relationship

 Good

.34^**

.12

1.4

1.1–1.8

 Bad

.16

.28

1.2

.74–2.0

Bully Victim (no)

.45^**

.16

1.6

1.1–2.1

 1 type

.29

.22

1.3

.86–2.1

 2 types

.28

.28

1.3

.76–2.3

 3 or 4 types

.10

.24

1.1

.69–1.8

Baseline behaviour

Model 3

 Psychological distress

1.2^***

.07

3.2

2.8–3.7

 Psychiatric distress

1.4^***

.20

4.1

2.8–6.2