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Table 1 Categories and risk factors for structural interventions for intimate partner violence
| Category | Risk factor | Potential structural interventions |
|---|---|---|
| Economic | Poverty [47] | Microfinance programs for women [37] |
| Limited economic opportunity [48] | ||
| Interpersonal (dyadic) economic inequality [49]: male control of family finances or wealth, women's economic dependence, and male unemployment with female employment [47] | Unconditional and conditional cash transfer programs [29] | |
| Physical | Isolation of women to private spaces and limited public roles for women [49] | Community meeting spaces for women and girls [50] |
| Limitations on alcohol outlet density [51–53] | ||
| Alcohol outlet density [51–53] | ||
| Politico-Legal | Legislation and practices that reinforce female subordination and discrimination (e.g., dowry, child marriage, restricted property rights) [54–57] | Legislation to facilitate women’s access to divorce [49] |
| Legislation to protect survivors and prosecute perpetrators [49] | ||
| Training for and monitoring of criminal justice and legal professionals on IPV-related policies and legislation [49] | ||
| Limited sensitivity and awareness among service providers, law enforcement, and judicial actors [49, 58, 59] | ||
| Limited legal support for women and survivors of violence [49] | ||
| Social | Social isolation [47] and limited freedom of movement | Social empowerment through community activities [49] |
| Low educational level [60] of women [49] | ||
| Gender norms supporting male dominance [49]: existence or transgression of rigid gender roles [47, 49] | Educational entertainment media [41, 49] | |
| Community acceptance of interpersonal violence [47, 62] | Transformation of gender norms among men [61] |
