|
Economic
|
Poverty [47]
|
Microfinance programs for women [37]
|
|
Limited economic opportunity [48]
|
|
Interpersonal (dyadic) economic inequality [49]: male control of family finances or wealth, women's economic dependence, and male unemployment with female employment [47]
|
Unconditional and conditional cash transfer programs [29]
|
|
Physical
|
Isolation of women to private spaces and limited public roles for women [49]
|
Community meeting spaces for women and girls [50]
|
|
Limitations on alcohol outlet density [51–53]
|
|
Alcohol outlet density [51–53]
|
|
Politico-Legal
|
Legislation and practices that reinforce female subordination and discrimination (e.g., dowry, child marriage, restricted property rights) [54–57]
|
Legislation to facilitate women’s access to divorce [49]
|
|
Legislation to protect survivors and prosecute perpetrators [49]
|
|
Training for and monitoring of criminal justice and legal professionals on IPV-related policies and legislation [49]
|
|
Limited sensitivity and awareness among service providers, law enforcement, and judicial actors [49, 58, 59]
|
|
Limited legal support for women and survivors of violence [49]
|
|
Social
|
Social isolation [47] and limited freedom of movement
|
Social empowerment through community activities [49]
|
|
Low educational level [60] of women [49]
|
|
Gender norms supporting male dominance [49]: existence or transgression of rigid gender roles [47, 49]
|
Educational entertainment media [41, 49]
|
|
Community acceptance of interpersonal violence [47, 62]
|
Transformation of gender norms among men [61]
|
