From: Social activity, cognitive decline and dementia risk: a 20-year prospective cohort study
Non-decliners | Moderate decliners | Fast decliners | All | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 1997) | (N = 611) | (N = 246) | (N = 2854) | ||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | P* | |
Demographics | |||||||||
Sex (male) | 857 | 43 | 235 | 38 | 90 | 37 | 1182 | 41 | 0.65 |
Education | 0.06 | ||||||||
Low | 650 | 33 | 180 | 29 | 79 | 32 | 909 | 32 | |
Medium | 1112 | 56 | 377 | 62 | 145 | 59 | 1634 | 57 | |
High | 235 | 12 | 54 | 9 | 22 | 9 | 311 | 11 | |
Marital status | 0.11 | ||||||||
Married | 1160 | 58 | 355 | 58 | 148 | 60 | 1663 | 58 | |
Divorced/Separated | 692 | 35 | 202 | 33 | 78 | 32 | 972 | 34 | |
Widowed | 87 | 4 | 31 | 5 | 18 | 7 | 136 | 5 | |
Single | 58 | 3 | 23 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 83 | 3 | |
Social activity | |||||||||
Social engagement | 0.11 | ||||||||
Low | 593 | 30 | 208 | 34 | 89 | 36 | 890 | 31 | |
Medium | 940 | 47 | 275 | 45 | 104 | 42 | 1319 | 46 | |
High social | 464 | 23 | 128 | 21 | 53 | 22 | 645 | 23 | |
Large social network | 966 | 48 | 298 | 49 | 113 | 46 | 1377 | 48 | 0.91 |
Satisfied with social relations | 331 | 17 | 128 | 21 | 58 | 24 | 517 | 18 | 0.47 |
Feel understood by others | 1592 | 80 | 456 | 75 | 179 | 73 | 2227 | 78 | 0.49 |
Dementia and death | |||||||||
Dementia diagnosisa | 157 | 8 | 423 | 69 | 203 | 83 | 783 | 27 | <0.001 |
Deathsa | 1488 | 75 | 485 | 79 | 227 | 92 | 2200 | 77 | <0.001 |
Health variables | |||||||||
Ischemic heart disease | 421 | 21 | 127 | 21 | 39 | 16 | 587 | 21 | 0.59 |
Stroke | 80 | 4 | 36 | 6 | 24 | 10 | 140 | 5 | 0.22 |
Diabetes | 155 | 8 | 48 | 8 | 26 | 11 | 229 | 8 | 0.69 |
Depression | 203 | 10 | 94 | 15 | 51 | 21 | 348 | 12 | 0.10 |
IADLs | 484 | 24 | 164 | 27 | 86 | 35 | 734 | 26 | 0.21 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P † | |
Demographics | |||||||||
Age (years) | 77.2 | 7.1 | 77.1 | 6.0 | 74.3 | 4.8 | 77.0 | 6.8 | <0.001 |
Cognitive test data | |||||||||
MMSE | 26.8 | 2.7 | 25.1 | 4.5 | 23.4 | 6.8 | 26.2 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
BVRT | 11.0 | 2.4 | 10.0 | 2.7 | 9.9 | 3.1 | 10.7 | 2.6 | <0.001 |
DSST | 29.8 | 12.0 | 24.7 | 11.4 | 24.3 | 11.9 | 28.4 | 12.1 | <0.001 |
IST | 28.5 | 6.0 | 25.8 | 6.7 | 23.9 | 7.1 | 27.8 | 6.4 | <0.001 |
WPA | 4.2 | 1.6 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 1.6 | <0.001 |
SIM | 6.8 | 2.9 | 5.7 | 3.1 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 3.0 | <0.001 |