| Food | Education | Healthcare | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Random-slope | Random-intercept | Fixed-effects | Random-slope | Random-intercept | Fixed-effects | Random-slope | Random-intercept | Fixed-effects |
 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
Current tobacco use (ref. No use) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Daily | 0.024* | 0.028** | 0.028** | −0.080** | −0.068** | −0.067** | −0.055* | −0.045* | −0.045* |
Occasional | −0.020 | −0.011 | −0.011 | −0.014 | 0.006 | 0.006 | −0.028 | −0.002 | −0.002 |
Age (in years) | 0.029** | 0.029** | 0.029** | 0.164** | 0.164** | 0.164** | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Agec/100 | −0.032** | −0.032** | −0.031** | −0.184** | −0.184** | −0.184** | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Level of education (ref. At least high school) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Secondary completed | −0.076** | −0.076** | −0.076** | −0.100** | −0.100** | −0.098** | −0.067** | −0.067** | −0.066** |
Primary completed | −0.110** | −0.111** | −0.111** | −0.258** | −0.258** | −0.257** | −0.154** | −0.156** | −0.155** |
No formal education/lower than primary | −0.158** | −0.158** | −0.158** | −0.449** | −0.450** | −0.448** | −0.283** | −0.284** | −0.284** |
Household wealth quintile (ref. 5th, highest) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
4th | −0.269** | −0.269** | −0.269** | −0.542** | −0.542** | −0.542** | −0.250** | −0.250** | −0.250** |
3rd | −0.384** | −0.385** | −0.385** | −0.762** | −0.762** | −0.763** | −0.352** | −0.352** | −0.353** |
2nd | −0.506** | −0.506** | −0.507** | −0.943** | −0.944** | −0.945** | −0.448** | −0.449** | −0.450** |
1st (lowest) | −0.710** | −0.711** | −0.712** | −1.150** | −1.152** | −1.154** | −0.621** | −0.626** | −0.627** |
Marital status (ref. Currently married) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Never married | −0.279** | −0.278** | −0.279** | −0.451** | −0.451** | −0.451** | −0.360** | −0.361** | −0.361** |
Separated/Divorced/Widowed | −0.347** | −0.347** | −0.347** | −0.554** | −0.555** | −0.554** | −0.324** | −0.327** | −0.326** |
Co-habiting | −0.058** | −0.058** | −0.058** | −0.169** | −0.170** | −0.170** | −0.059 | −0.060* | −0.061* |
Rural (vs Urban/Semi-urban) | −0.206** | −0.207** | −0.207** | −0.107** | −0.108** | −0.109** | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Poorer LMICs (vs Less poor LMICs) | −0.085 | −0.084 | — | −0.676** | −0.678** | — | 0.057 | 0.082 | — |
Constant | 4.472** | 4.470** | 4.631** | −0.542** | −0.534** | −0.858** | 1.685** | 1.677** | 1.880** |
SD (Daily) | .035 (.016)a | — | — | .095 (.025)a | — | — | .113 (.026)a | — | — |
SD (Occasional) | .049 (.036)a | — | — | .056 (.041)a | — | — | .101 (.049) a | — | — |
SD (Constant) | .416 (.047)a | .416 (.047)a | — | .426 (.049)a | .431 (.049)a | — | .534 (.061) a | .531 (.060) | — |
Hausman testb | — | [χc(15) = 24.11 (p = 0.063)] | — | [χc(15) = 16.22 (p = 0.368)] | — | [χc(15) = 19.94 (p = 0.174)] | |||
Likelihood ratio testc | [χc(2) = 3.46 (p = 0.177)] | — | [χc(2) = 9.01 (p = 0.011)] | — | [χc(2) = 17.71 (p < 0.001)] | — | |||
Observations (countries) | 53,185 (40) | 50,732 (40) | 50,602 (40) |