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Table 2 Association between mother’s education status and initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth. Hierarchical modelling by using logistic regression analysis (pooled data, NDHS 2011, NDHS 2006 and NDHS 2001)

From: The effect of mother’s educational status on early initiation of breastfeeding: further analysis of three consecutive Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys

 

Unadjusted from pooled analysis

Pooled Modela

2011b

2006c

2001d

Characteristics

OR

(95 % CI)

P-value

OR

(95 % CI)

P-value

OR

(95 % CI)

P-value

OR

(95 % CI)

P-value

OR

(95 % CI)

P-value

Mother’s education

                    

 No education

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Primary

1.36

(1.20

1.54)

0.000

1.24

(1.09

1.42)

0.002

1.52

(1.21

1.91)

0.000

1.24

(0.96

1.60)

0.093

1.07

(0.87

1.32)

0.506

 Above secondary

2.03

(1.79

2.30)

0.000

1.63

(1.42

1.88)

0.000

2.20

(1.76

2.76)

0.000

1.66

(1.30

2.12)

0.000

1.30

(1.00

1.70)

0.052

Place of residence

                    

 Urban

1.00

               

1.00

   

 Rural

0.80

(0.70

0.92)

0.002

            

0.74

(0.58

0.93)

0.012

Ecological zone

                    

 Mountain

1.00

               

1.00

   

 Hill

1.12

(0.96

1.30)

0.149

            

1.25

(1.02

1.53)

0.030

 Terai

0.85

(0.71

1.01)

0.062

            

0.74

0.58

0.94)

0.013

Development region

                    

 Eastern

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Central

0.65

(0.55

0.76)

0.000

0.72

(0.62

0.83)

0.000

0.65

(0.47

0.91)

0.012

1.12

(0.90

1.40)

0.317

0.42

(0.34

0.53)

0.000

 Western

1.13

(0.94

1.37)

0.202

1.11

(0.93

1.33)

0.262

1.01

(0.73

1.40)

0.958

1.14

(0.81

1.60)

0.456

1.14

(0.83

1.56)

0.428

 Mid-western

1.68

(1.39

2.03)

0.000

1.98

(1.63

2.41)

0.000

1.03

(0.75

1.42)

0.852

1.24

(0.90

1.71)

0.188

4.42

(3.10

6.29)

0.000

 Far-western

1.65

(1.27

2.13)

0.000

1.92

(1.49

2.48)

0.000

1.53

(1.09

2.15)

0.014

1.97

(1.25

3.10)

0.004

2.14

(1.64

2.79)

0.000

Ethnicity

                    

 Advantaged

1.00

   

1.00

       

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Relatively disadvantaged

0.83

(0.72

0.96)

0.011

1.21

(1.04

1.41)

0.013

    

1.71

(1.29

2.26)

0.000

1.12

(0.87

1.45)

0.366

 Disadvantaged

0.67

(0.57

0.78)

0.000

0.94

(0.80

1.10)

0.435

    

1.20

(0.89

1.61)

0.224

0.86

(0.69

1.07)

0.168

 Madheshi and others

0.33

(0.26

0.42)

0.000

0.60

(0.47

0.76)

0.000

    

0.99

(0.68

1.44)

0.963

0.49

(0.28

0.83)

0.009

Wealth quintile

                    

 Poorest

1.00

   

1.00

       

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Poorer

1.16

(1.01

1.34)

0.036

1.21

(1.04

1.41)

0.015

    

1.42

(1.09

1.86)

0.010

0.96

(0.77

1.21)

0.746

 Middle

1.25

(1.07

1.47)

0.006

1.27

(1.08

1.50)

0.003

    

1.18

(0.90

1.57)

0.231

1.11

(0.86

1.43)

0.432

 Richer

1.26

(1.06

1.50)

0.008

1.24

(1.04

1.48)

0.019

    

1.21

(0.86

1.70)

0.265

0.95

(0.73

1.25)

0.730

 Richest

1.42

(1.21

1.68)

0.000

1.24

(1.04

1.47)

0.017

    

1.45

(1.06

1.99)

0.022

1.03

(0.78

1.35)

0.845

ANC visit

                    

 No visits

1.00

   

1.00

       

1.00

   

1.00

   

 1–3 visits

1.11

(0.97

1.26)

0.122

1.07

(0.94

1.21)

0.302

    

1.36

(1.10

1.67)

0.004

0.95

(0.82

1.11)

0.530

 4 or more

1.84

(1.58

2.14)

0.000

1.32

(1.12

1.56)

0.001

    

1.40

(1.04

1.89)

0.026

1.38

(1.07

1.78)

0.014

Birth order

                    

 First

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

       

1.00

   

 Second

1.12

(0.99

1.26)

0.061

1.30

(1.15

1.47)

0.000

1.43

(1.15

1.78)

0.002

    

1.53

(1.23

1.91)

0.000

 Third or more

0.81

(0.72

0.90)

0.000

1.22

(1.08

1.38)

0.001

1.29

(1.02

1.63)

0.036

    

1.35

(1.14

1.61)

0.001

Size at birth

                    

 Small

1.00

           

1.00

       

 Average

1.00

(0.89

1.12)

0.998

        

0.97

(0.77

1.21)

0.757

    

 Larger

1.19

(1.03

1.38)

0.017

        

1.33

(1.03

1.71)

0.027

    

 Multiple births

0.45

(0.25

0.81)

0.007

0.42

(0.23

0.76)

0.004

0.26

(0.08

0.81)

0.021

0.38

(0.13

1.11)

0.078

    

Place of delivery

                    

 Home

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

       

1.00

   

 Health facility

1.79

(1.58

2.02)

0.000

1.73

(1.50

2.01)

0.000

2.09

(1.74

2.50)

0.000

    

1.39

(1.06

1.82)

0.018

 Other place

0.74

(0.54

1.02)

0.062

0.67

(0.47

0.94)

0.022

0.62

(0.33

1.16)

0.133

    

0.42

(0.23

0.77)

0.005

Mode of delivery

                    

 Vaginal

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Caesarian

0.49

(0.36

0.67)

0.000

0.27

(0.19

0.38)

0.000

0.24

(0.16

0.36)

0.000

0.24

(0.12

0.48)

0.000

0.40

(0.16

0.99)

0.047

  1. OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval
  2. a Adjusted for- Mother’s education, Development region, Ethnicity, Wealth quintile, ANC visit, Birth order, Multiple births, Place of delivery and Mode of delivery
  3. b Adjusted for-Mother’s education, Development region, Birth order, Multiple births, Place of delivery and Mode of delivery
  4. c adjusted for -Mother’s education, Development region, Ethnicity, Wealth quintile, ANC visits, Size at birth, Multiple births, Mode of delivery
  5. d adjusted for-Mother’s education, Place of residence, Ecological zone, Development region, Ethnicity, Wealth quintile, ANC visit, Birth order, Place of delivery and Mode of delivery
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