Characteristics | Totala | Pooled (n = 12,845) | NDHS 2011(n = 4116) | NDHS 2006(n = 4051) | NDHS 2001(n = 4678) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % early breastfed | % early breastfed | % early breastfed | % early breastfed | |
Survey year | ||||||
2001 | 36.42 | 4678 | 31.27 | |||
2006 | 31.54 | 4051 | 35.26 | |||
2011 | 32.05 | 4116 | 44.49 | |||
Mother’s education | ||||||
No education | 58.68 | 7537 | 31.55 | 34.42 | 31.54 | 30.04 |
Primary | 17.5 | 2248 | 38.54 | 45.1 | 37.38 | 31.69 |
Secondary/higher | 23.82 | 3060 | 48.29 | 56.33 | 42.73 | 37.57 |
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 9.89 | 1270 | 41.44 | 48.42 | 39.44 | 35.89 |
Rural | 90.11 | 11,575 | 36.25 | 44.05 | 34.63 | 30.92 |
Ecological zone | ||||||
Mountain | 7.79 | 1001 | 37.62 | 47.82 | 31.26 | 35.01 |
Hill | 41.2 | 5292 | 40.29 | 46.91 | 32.65 | 41.24 |
Terai | 51.01 | 6552 | 33.78 | 42.16 | 38.08 | 22.44 |
Development region | ||||||
Eastern | 22.97 | 2950 | 36 | 48.28 | 32.84 | 27.35 |
Central | 31.93 | 4101 | 26.65 | 34.86 | 33.6 | 13.6 |
Western | 19.29 | 2478 | 38.88 | 49.08 | 35.61 | 32.38 |
Mid-western | 13.98 | 1796 | 48.62 | 45 | 32.38 | 63.85 |
Far-western | 11.83 | 1520 | 48.08 | 54.73 | 44.7 | 46.23 |
Mother’s occupation | ||||||
Not working | 20.84 | 2677 | 35.35 | 42.59 | 38.07 | 21.65 |
Agriculture | 75.33 | 9676 | 36.88 | 44.61 | 34.15 | 33.25 |
Paid Jobs | 3.83 | 492 | 42.29 | 58.85 | 41.87 | 30.91 |
Father’s education | ||||||
No education | 26.74 | 3435 | 29.23 | 31.27 | 32.83 | 26.05 |
Primary | 25.69 | 3300 | 34.99 | 41.1 | 33.01 | 31.81 |
Above secondary | 46.41 | 5961 | 42.34 | 51.09 | 37.94 | 36.02 |
Don’t know | 1.16 | 149 | 26.49 | 34.21 | 25.9 | 24.96 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Advantaged | 29.99 | 3852 | 43.24 | 51.18 | 33.21 | 44.92 |
Relatively disadvantaged | 41.07 | 5275 | 38.71 | 45.32 | 40.87 | 30.57 |
Disadvantaged | 15.52 | 1994 | 33.65 | 38.77 | 31.4 | 30.71 |
Madheshi and others | 13.42 | 1724 | 19.95 | 29.85 | 27.03 | 9.41 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||
Poorest | 20.91 | 2686 | 32.44 | 38.12 | 29.73 | 28.52 |
Poorer | 20.55 | 2640 | 35.86 | 40.32 | 37.59 | 29.6 |
Middle | 19.41 | 2493 | 37.57 | 43.05 | 34.68 | 34.71 |
Richer | 19.63 | 2521 | 37.71 | 50.88 | 34.98 | 30.24 |
Richest | 19.49 | 2503 | 40.61 | 54.47 | 41.1 | 32.76 |
Age of mother | ||||||
14–19 years | 7.96 | 1022 | 36.06 | 45.26 | 39.54 | 24.65 |
20–34 years | 61.29 | 7873 | 38.26 | 46.84 | 35.66 | 32.39 |
35–49 years | 30.75 | 3950 | 33.97 | 39.03 | 33.16 | 30.9 |
ANC visit | ||||||
No Visits | 31.71 | 4053 | 31.59 | 33.51 | 28.49 | 32.47 |
1–3 visits | 37.71 | 4820 | 33.87 | 38.36 | 36.36 | 27.21 |
4 or more | 30.59 | 3910 | 45.92 | 52.33 | 40.04 | 36.64 |
Sex of child | ||||||
Male | 51.79 | 6652 | 37.03 | 44.98 | 35.39 | 31.11 |
Female | 48.21 | 6193 | 36.48 | 43.94 | 35.12 | 31.42 |
Birth order of child | ||||||
First | 26.01 | 3341 | 38.46 | 47.12 | 37.65 | 27.81 |
Second | 25.8 | 3314 | 41.14 | 50.11 | 37.93 | 34.74 |
Third or more | 48.19 | 6190 | 33.51 | 38.63 | 32.25 | 31.15 |
Multiple birth | ||||||
Single birth | 98.8 | 12,691 | 36.96 | 44.82 | 35.53 | 31.31 |
Multiple births | 1.2 | 154 | 20.95 | 21.63 | 18.14 | 25.31 |
Size at birth | ||||||
Very small/small | 59.51 | 7644 | 35.84 | 43.96 | 33.79 | 29.23 |
Average | 18.62 | 2392 | 35.84 | 42.67 | 31.64 | 34.63 |
Larger | 21.81 | 2801 | 40.03 | 47.82 | 41.81 | 33.04 |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Home | 76.35 | 9807 | 33.82 | 37.97 | 34.2 | 31.05 |
Health facility | 21.97 | 2822 | 47.72 | 55.11 | 39.68 | 35.45 |
Others | 1.67 | 215 | 27.37 | 31.02 | 33.6 | 21.44 |
Mode of delivery | ||||||
Vaginal | 96.93 | 12,451 | 37.22 | 45.46 | 35.87 | 31.4 |
Caesarean | 3.07 | 394 | 22.56 | 27.04 | 16.14 | 19.42 |