The prevalence and determinants of use of vitamin D supplements among children in Alberta, Canada: a cross-sectional study

Table 3 Determinants of use of multivitamins among of 10–11-year-old students in Alberta, Canada^a

	Univariable model	Parsimonious model^b
	Odds ratio (95 % CI)	Odds ratio (95 % CI)
Demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric factors
Gender
Girls	1.00	1.00
Boys	0.91 (0.75, 1.10)	0.85 (0.70, 1.03)
Parental education
Secondary or less	1.00	1.00
College	1.26 (1.02, 1.55)*	1.25 (1.02, 1.54)*
University or graduate	1.34 (1.07, 1.69)*	1.33 (1.06, 1.68)*
Household income^c
≤$50,000	1.00	1.00
$50,001–100,000	1.48 (1.10, 2.00)**	1.43 (1.05, 1.94)*
≥$100,001	1.44 (1.09, 1.91)**	1.29 (0.97, 1.71)
Region of residence
Rural	1.00	1.00
Urban	1.06 (0.81, 1.40)	1.06 (0.81 1.39)
Metropolitan	0.92 (0.73, 1.17)	0.95 (0.76, 1.19)
Weight status
Under/normal weight	1.00	1.00
Overweight	0.84 (0.67, 1.05)	0.88 (0.70, 1.09)
Obese	0.70 (0.50, 0.98)*	0.76 (0.54, 1.08)
Lifestyle factors
Physical activity level
1st Tertile	1.00	1.00
2nd Tertile	1.21 (0.99, 1.47)	1.20 (0.97, 1.47)
3rd Tertile	1.55 (1.26, 1.90)***	1.56 (1.27, 1.91)***
Energy-adjusted diet quality index^d
1st Tertile	1.00	1.00
2nd Tertile	1.22 (0.99, 1.51)	1.20 (0.97, 1.49)
3rd Tertile	1.22 (0.97, 1.55)	1.13 (0.90, 1.43)
Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin D intake^d
1st Tertile	1.00	–
2nd Tertile	0.95 (0.77, 1.17)
3rd Tertile	1.16 (0.97, 1.39)

^aResults were weighted to represent provincial estimates of the grade five student population (age: 10-11y) in Alberta. Multivitamin users were defined as those who used multivitamins irrespective of use of vitamin D supplements
^bAdjusted for demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric factors in the table
^c26.63 % non-disclosed responses (participants were provided option not to disclose their household income) and 12.23 % missing data
^d“Energy adjusted” DQI and dietary vitamin D intake were computed as the residuals from the regression model with total energy intake as the independent variable and absolute DQI or dietary vitamin D intake as the dependent variable as per established criteria [26]
*p <0.05
**p <0.01
***p <0.001

ISSN: 1471-2458