The prevalence and determinants of use of vitamin D supplements among children in Alberta, Canada: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Determinants of vitamin D supplement use among 10–11-year-old students in Alberta, Canada^a

	Univariable model	Parsimonious model^b
	Odds ratio (95 % CI)	Odds ratio (95 % CI)
Demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric factors
Gender
Girls	1.00	1.00
Boys	1.10 (0.91, 1.33)	1.03 (0.85, 1.25)
Parental education
Secondary or less	1.00	1.00
College	1.38 (1.06, 1.78)*	1.35 (1.05, 1.74)*
University or graduate	1.29 (1.00, 1.65)*	1.21 (0.94, 1.56)
Household income^c
≤$50,000	1.00	1.00
$50,001–100,000	1.08 (0.80, 1.47)	1.08 (0.79, 1.48)
≥$100,001	1.08 (0.80, 1.48)	1.03 (0.74, 1.43)
Region of residence
Rural	1.00	1.00
Urban	1.11 (0.91, 1.37)	1.13 (0.92 1.40)
Metropolitan	1.27 (1.03, 1.56)*	1.32 (1.06, 1.65)*
Weight status
Under/normal weight	1.00	1.00
Overweight	0.80 (0.64, 1.00)*	0.82 (0.66, 1.04)
Obese	0.91 (0.60, 1.40)	0.93 (0.60, 1.43)
Lifestyle factors
Physical activity level
1st Tertile	1.00	1.00
2nd Tertile	1.39 (1.09, 1.77)**	1.39 (1.09, 1.78)**
3rd Tertile	1.68 (1.33, 2.14)***	1.70 (1.33, 2.16)***
Energy-adjusted diet quality index^d
1st Tertile	1.00	1.00
2nd Tertile	1.16 (0.91, 1.47)	1.12 (0.89, 1.42)
3rd Tertile	1.18 (0.95, 1.46)	1.10 (0.89, 1.36)
Energy-adjusted dietary vitamin D intake^d
1st Tertile	1.00	–
2nd Tertile	0.93 (0.73, 1.19)
3rd Tertile	1.03 (0.81, 1.31)

^aResults were weighted to represent provincial estimates of the grade five student population (age: 10-11y) in Alberta. Vitamin D supplement users were defined as those who used vitamin D supplements irrespective of use of multivitamins
^bAdjusted for demographic, socio-economic and anthropometric factors in the table
^c26.63 % non-disclosed responses (participants were provided option not to disclose their household income) and 12.23 % missing data
^d“Energy adjusted” DQI and dietary vitamin D intake were computed as the residuals from the regression model with total energy intake as the independent variable and absolute DQI or dietary vitamin D intake as the dependent variable as per established criteria [26]
*p <0.05
**p <0.01
***p <0.001

ISSN: 1471-2458