Table 1 The characteristics of the study sample

Age (yrs)

0.452^*

 ≤12

65 (16.1)

35 (16.9)

30 (15.4)

 13

301 (74.9)

157 (75.8)

144 (73.8)

 ≥14

36 (9)

15 (7.2)

21 (1.08)

 Mean (SD)

12.93 (0.49)

12.90 (0.47)

12.95 (0.50)

0.302^**

Mother’s age (yrs)

0.163^*

 20–34

120 (29.9)

61 (29.5)

59 (30.3)

 35–39

143 (35.6)

82 (39.6)

61 (31.3)

 40–55

139 (34.6)

64 (30.9)

75 (38.5)

 Mean (SD)

37.4 (5.13)

36.97 (4.50)

37.83 (5.69)

0.091^**

Mother’s employment (No., %)

<0.001^*

 Housewife

341 (84.8)

161 (77.8)

180 (92.3)

 Employed

61 (15.2)

46 (22.2)

15 (7.7)

Mother’s education (yrs)

0.020^*

 0–12

352 (87.6)

174 (84.1)

178 (91.3)

 >12

50 (12.4)

33 (15.9)

17 (8.7)

Mean (SD)

10.36 (3.39)

10.99 (3.03)

9.89 (3.62)

<0.001^**

Father’s education (yrs)

 0–12

320 (79.6)

156 (75.4)

164 (84.1)

 >12

82 (20.4)

51 (24.6)

31 (15.9)

 Mean (SD)

10.89 (3.66)

11.48 (3.31)

10.27 (3.98)

0.001^**

Parent marital status (No., %)

0.052^*

 Married

385 (95.8)

202 (97.6)

183 (93.8)

 Widowed

17 (4.2)

5 (2.4)

12 (6.2)

FAS

0.811^*

 High (9–13)

32 (8)

19 (9.2)

13 (6.7)

 Intermediate (5–8)

309 (76.8)

163 (78.7)

146 (74.9)

 Low (0–4)

61 (15.2)

25 (12.1)

36 (18.5)

Physical activity (minutes/day)

 Mean (SD)

44.64 (23.24)

38.77 (19.94)

50.87 (24.88)

<0.001^**

 ≥60

89 (22.1)

35 (16.90)

54 (27.7)

Sedentary activity (minutes/day)

 Mean (SD)

192.83 (89.23)

170.26 (89.20

218.25 (103.34

<0.001^**

 ≤120

139 (34.6)

93 (44.9)

46 (23.6)

Self-efficacy score

 Mean (SD)

29.01 (7.09)

29.04 (7.25)

28.97 (7.04)

0.923^**

 Score range

8–40

8–40

8–40

PIFS score

 Mean (SD)

18.55 (5.62)

18.68 (6.64)

18.4 (4.28)

0.611^**

 Score range

3–15

3–15

3–15

PEFS score

 Mean (SD)

9.31 (3.2)

9.35 (3.31)

9.25 (3.15)

0.754^**

 Score range

3–15

3–15

3–15

PPFS score

 Mean (SD)

25.46 (5.50)

26.61 (5.62)

24.25 (5.07)

<0.001^**

 Score range

11–55

11–55

11–55