Table 2 Associations between metal levels and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors
From: Geographic clustering of elevated blood heavy metal levels in pregnant women
Factor | Metal Exposure level | Cadmium (Cd) | Mercury (Hg) | Lead (pb) | Arsenic (As) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Reference = low | OR (95 % CI), p-value | OR (95 % CI), p-value | OR (95 % CI), p-value | OR (95 % CI), p-value |
|  |  | N = 300 | N = 300 | N = 297 | N = 300 |
Smoking Status (Reference = did not smoke during pregnancy) | Medium | 5.94 (1.27–27.76), 0.0235 | 0.98 (0.45–2.15), 0.9578 | 0.91 (0.39–2.14), 0.8333 | 1.53 (0.66–3.56), 0.3266 |
High | 22.43 (5.02–100.19), <0.0001 | 0.54 (0.23–1.3), 0.1675 | 1.81 (0.79–4.16), 0.1612 | 1.58 (0.71–3.53), 0.2615 | |
|  |  | N = 308 | N = 308 | N = 305 | N = 308 |
Whole Blood Folate (ug/L) | Medium | 1.00 (1.00–1.00), 0.6557 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01), 0.0062 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00), 0.1860 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00), 0.8695 |
High | 1.00 (0.99–1.00), 0.0091 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01), 0.0018 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00), 0.3416 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00), 0.9863 | |
|  |  | N = 302 | N = 302 | N = 300 | N = 302 |
Leisure-time Physical Activity (Reference = yes) | Medium | 0.62 (0.32–1.19), 0.1504 | 0.44 (0.23–0.86), 0.0158 | 1.00 (0.51–1.95), 0.9968 | 0.57 (0.29–1.11), 0.0994 |
High | 0.73 (0.38–1.39), 0.3355 | 0.57 (0.30–1.07), 0.0787 | 1.18 (0.6–2.31), 0.6306 | 0.81 (0.43–1.53), 0.5177 | |
|  |  | N = 307 | N = 307 | N = 304 | N = 307 |
Years of Education | Medium | 0.93 (0.86–1.01), 0.0993 | 1.05 (0.96–1.15), 0.2633 | 0.93 (0.85–1.01), 0.0964 | 0.91 (0.83–1), 0.0380 |
High | 0.83 (0.76–0.91), 0.0001 | 1.16 (1.07–1.27), 0.0008 | 0.90 (0.82–0.99), 0.0242 | 0.88 (0.8–0.96), 0.0048 | |
|  |  | N = 307 | N = 307 | N = 304 | N = 307 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Medium | 1.02 (0.98–1.06), 0.4387 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05), 0.5923 | 1.01 (0.96–1.05), 0.7774 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06), 0.3721 |
High | 1.00 (0.96–1.05), 0.9692 | 0.98 (0.93–1.02), 0.2855 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06), 0.5335 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03), 0.5995 |