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Table 4 Correlates of mother to child transmission of HIV-1 infection amongst HIV-1 exposed infants enrolled for care (N = 634)

From: Outcomes of prevention of mother to child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in rural Kenya—a cohort study

  

HIV transmission [%]

Logistic Univariable analysis

Logistic Multivariable analysis

Infants Characteristics

 

n = 57/444a [12.8]

Crude OR [95 % CI]

LRT p-valueb

Adjusted OR [95 % CI]

LRT p-valueb

Gender

Male

21/195 [10.8]

Reference

 

Reference

 

Female

36/249 [14.5]

1.4 [0.8–2.5]

0.246

1.4 [0.6–2.9]

0.431

Age group (months)

0–3

28/367 [7.6]

Reference

 

Reference

 

3–6

10/42 [23.8]

3.8 [1.7–8.5]

 

3.9 [1.3–12.2]

 

>6

19/35 [54.3]

14.4 [6.7–31.0]

<0.001

23.3 [8.3–65.4]

<0.001

Year of intake

2009

23/145 [15.9]

Reference

 

Reference

 

2010

16/131 [12.2]

0.7[0.4–1.5]

 

1.3 [0.5–3.6]

 

2011

14/123 [11.4]

0.7[0.3–1.4]

 

2.0 [0.6–6.3]

 

2012

4/45 [8.9]

0.5 [0.2–1.6]

0.553

0.6 [0.1–3.5]

0.480

Any malnutrition at intake (WHZ/WAZ/HAZ < −2.0)

No

14/201 [7.0]

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes

35/215 [16.3]

2.6 [1.4–5.0]

0.003

2.3 [1.0–5.2]

0.038

All malnutrition at intake (WHZ & WAZ & HAZ < −2.0)

No

44/397 [11.1]

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes

8/16 [50.0]

8.0 [2.9–22.4]

<0.001

2.6 [0.6–10.8]

0.203

Hospital distance categories (kilometers)

0–5

20/180 [11.1]

Reference

 

Reference

 

5–10

9/117 [7.7]

0.7 [0.3–1.5]

 

0.6 [0.2–1.8]

 

>10

24/130 [18.5]

1.8 [1.0–3.4]

0.032

2.2 [0.9–5.2]

0.043

Cohort

Active follow up

7/96 [7.3]

Reference

 

Reference

 

Standard Care

50/348 [14.4]

2.1 [0.9–4.9]

0.052

0.6 [0.2–1.8]

0.329

Mothers Characteristics

Age at infants birth (years)

<25

12/114 [10.5]

Reference

 

Reference

 

25–35

14/192 [7.3]

0.7 [0.3–1.5]

 

0.9 [0.4–2.1]

 

>35

8/74 [10.8]

1.0 [0.4–2.7]

0.518

1.7 [0.6–5.1]

0.435

Education status

No education

11/133 [8.3]

Reference

 

Reference

 

Primary

16/175 [9.1]

1.1 [0.5–2.5]

 

1.1 [0.5–2.6]

 

>Secondary

2/41 [4.9]

0.6 [0.1–2.7]

0.641

0.6 [0.1–2.9]

0.710

BMI at infants birth

<18.5

6/59 [10.2]

1.2 [0.5–2.9]

 

1.3 [0.4–3.6]

 

>18.5

28/315 [8.9]

Reference

0.757

Reference

0.660

CD4 count at infants birth

>350

9/144 [6.3]

Reference

 

Reference

 

<350

7/98 [7.1]

1.2 [0.4–3.2]

 

1.5 [0.5–4.6]

0.215

Missing

18/138 [13.0]

2.3 [1.0–5.2]

0.113

2.2 [0.9–5.4]

 

Duration on HAART (months)

Not on HAARTc

28/220 [12.7]

3.9 [1.1–13.2]

 

6.5 [1.4–29.4]

 

0–24

3/77 [3.9]

1.1 [0.2–5.5]

 

1.8 [0.3–11.2]

 

>24

3/83 [3.6]

Reference

0.006

Reference

0.004

  1. % percentage; OR Odds ratio; CI confidence intervals; LRT Likelihood Ratio Tests, p-values presented; whz weight for height; waz weight for age; haz height for age z scores; BMI body mass index; HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy
  2. anumber of infants for whom HIV test results were available
  3. bLikelihood of infants enrolled for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV care being vertically infected
  4. cmothers not on HAART received prophylactic antiretroviral therapy azidothymidine (AZT) during, through and after delivery, as per the Kenyan guidelines at the time of the study ref [19] if they had attended antenatal clinic
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