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Table 2 Distribution of nutritional status amongst HIV-exposed infants at enrollment for PMTCT care at a rural HIV clinic in Kenya (N = 634)

From: Outcomes of prevention of mother to child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in rural Kenya—a cohort study

  

aWasting, n = 479 [%]

bUnderweight n = 526 [%]

cStunting n = 528 [%]

dAny n = 537 [%]

eAll n = 539 [%]

Infants Characteristics

 

67/479 [14.0]f

135/526 [24.1]f

219/528 [41.5]f

285/537 [53.1]f

26/539 [4.8]f

Gender

Male

34/212 [16.0]

67/241 [27.8]

100/229 [43.7]

128/233 [54.9]

15/232 [6.5]

Female

33/267 [12.4]

68/319 [21.3]

119/299 [39.8]

157/304 [51.6]

11/307 [3.6]

Age group (months)

0–3

38/352 [10.8]

80/425 [18.8]

157/403 [39.0]

202/407 [49.6]

9/407 [2.2]

3–6

9/51 [17.7]

19/56 [33.9]

23/48 [47.9]

33/52 [63.5]

4/53 [7.6]

>6

20/76 [26.3]

36/79 [45.6]

39/77 [50.7]

50/78 [64.1]

13/79 [16.5]

Hospital distance (kilometers)

0–5

23/184 [12.5]

49/221 [22.2]

85/208 [40.9]

110/209 [52.6]

8/215 [3.7]

5–10

15/125 [12.0]

41/144 [28.5]

56/135 [41.5]

75/141 [53.2]

5/134 [3.7]

>10

23/146 [15.8]

39/168 [23.2]

69/161 [42.9]

86/161 [53.4]

10/164 [6.1]

Cohort

Standard Care

58/395 [14.7]

127/465 [27.3]

185/436 [42.4]

243/445 [54.6]

23/443 [5.2]

Active follow up

9/84 [10.7]

8/95 [8.4]

34/92 [37.0]

42/92 [45.7]

3/96 [3.1]

Mothers’ Characteristics

Age at infant’s birth (years)

<25

18/116 [15.5]

32/141 [22.7]

52/134 [38.8]

70/135 [51.9]

5/134 [3.7]

25–35

24/191 [12.6]

39/220 [17.7]

81/209 [38.8]

106/212 [50.0]

8/214 [3.7]

>35

6/74 [8.1]

12/87 [13.8]

32/82 [39.0]

40/85 [47.1]

1/82 [1.2]

Education status

No education

15/129 [11.6]

34/159 [21.4]

64/148 [43.2]

81/150 [54.0]

6/149 [4.0]

Primary

24/176 [13.6]

38/202 [18.8]

69/194 [35.6]

95/197 [48.2]

6/196 [3.1]

>Secondary

6/44 [13.6]

6/50 [12.0]

17/49 [34.7]

23/50 [46.0]

1/48 [2.1]

BMI at infants birth

<18.5

9/55 [16.4]

17/69 [24.6]

29/66 [43.9]

38/67 [56.7]

3/63 [4.8]

>18.5

37/315 [11.8]

63/366 [17.2]

133/346 [38.4]

173/353 [49.0]

11/354 [3.1]

CD4 count at infants birth

<350

13/88 [14.8]

21/107 [19.6]

40/100 [40.0]

55/104 [52.9]

4/104 [3.9]

>350

15/136 [11.0]

23/158 [14.6]

55/154 [35.7]

68/153 [44.4]

4/152 [2.6]

missing

39/255 [15.3]

91/295 [30.9]

124/274 [45.3]

162/280 [57.9]

18/283 [6.4]

Duration on HAART (months)

Not on HAARTg

34/238 [14.3]

56/273 [20.5]

101/255 [39.6]

135/262 [51.5]

11/265 [4.2]

0–24

6/70 [8.6]

11/86 [12.8]

28/80 [35.0]

34/81 [42.0]

2/81 [2.5]

>24

8/73 [11.0]

16/89 [18.0]

36/90 [40.0]

47/89 [52.8]

1/84 [1.2]

  1. BMI body mass index; HAART Highly active antiretroviral therapy; % percentages; PMTCT Prevention of mother-to-child transmission
  2. aWasting: weight for height Z scores < −2.0
  3. bUnderweight: weight for age Z score < −2.0
  4. cStunting: height for age Z score < −2.0
  5. dAny: infant with any of the three malnutrition syndromes
  6. eAll: infant with all three malnutrition syndromes
  7. fDifferent denominators arising from exclusion of missing data and extreme outliers after derivation of the Z-scores as outlined in the WHO reference data sets ref [21]
  8. gmothers not on HAART received prophylactic antiretroviral therapy azidothymidine (AZT) during, through and after delivery, as per the Kenyan guidelines at the time of the study, ref [19] if they had attended antenatal clinic