Patterns and risk factors for deaths from external causes in rural Malawi over 10 years: a prospective population-based study

Table 1 Rates of death from external causes in Karonga District Malawi, 2002–12

	All external causes		Road injury		Drowning		Suicide
	Rate^a	Rate ratio^c	Rate	Rate ratio	Rate	Rate ratio	Rate	Rate ratio
	(95 % CI^b)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)	(95 % CI)
Gender
Male	64.7 (53.2–78.8)	Reference	12.4 (7.9–19.5)	Reference	13.1 (8.4–21.8)	Reference	11.1 (6.9–17.9)	Reference
Female	27.1 (20.1–36.4)	0.40 (0.28–0.57)	4.3 (2.1–9.0)	0.32 (0.14–0.77)	4.3 (2.1–9.0)	0.36 (0.16–0.81)	3.1 (1.3–7.4)	0.26 (0.09–0.70)
Age
<5 years	47.1 (32.5–68.2)	0.99 (0.63–1.56)	3.4 (0.8–13.4)	0.27 (0.06–1.20)	13.4 (6.7–26.9)	1.83 (0.70–4.73)	0
5–14	20.6 (13.1–32.2)	0.44 (0.26–0.73)	2.2 (0.5–8.7)	0.18 (0.04–0.77)	6.5 (2.9–14.5)	0.87 (0.31–2.46)	0
15–44	46.8 (35.8–60.0)	Reference	12.0 (7.2–19.9)	Reference	7.2 (3.7–13.8)	Reference	13.6 (5.4–31.2)	Reference
45+	98.7 (71–135.7)	2.23 (1.48–3.36)	18.2 (8.7–38.2)	1.60 (0.65–3.92	10.4 (3.9–27.7)	1.52 (0.47–4.94)	13.0 (5.4–31.2)	1.01 (0.37–2.74)
Period
2002/6	49.7 (38–64.8)	1.14 (0.81–1.60)	7.4 (3.7–14.7)	0.84 (0.35–1.92)	6.4 (3.1–13.5)	0.66 (0.28–1.56)	3.7 (1.4–9.8)	0.42 (0.14–1.22)
2007/12	43.0 (35.0–53.0)	Reference	8.7 (5.5–13.8)	Reference	9.7 (6.2–15.0)	Reference	8.7 (5.5–13.8)	Reference

ISSN: 1471-2458