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Table 1 Methodological characteristics of included studies

From: Is an insecure job better for health than having no job at all? A systematic review of studies investigating the health-related risks of both job insecurity and unemployment

Author (year) Country

Research design (specific population)

Study year (follow-up)

Sample size

Baseline resp. (follow-up rate)

Age mean

Male in %

Covariates in adjusted multivariable model

Amick, 2002 USA [40]

Cohort study (working cohort)

1968 (24 years)

25,413

n.a. (30.5 %)

45.0

44.9

Age, race, gender, year, family income, family size, retirement, unemployment, retirement by age interaction, race by age interaction, baseline disability, job strain

Berth, 2003 GER [35]

Cross-sectional study

2002 (−−)

420

72.0 % (−−)

29.0

46.8

--

Berth, 2005 GER [39]

Cross-sectional study

2003 (−−)

419

71.0 % (−−)

30.1

46.1

--

Burgard, 2009 USA [36]

Two complementary cohort studies

1986 (3 years) 1995 (10 years)

1,867

70.0 % (87.0 %)

41.2

53.6

Age, gender, race, marital status, household income, education, job insecurity, involuntarily job loss, employed at follow-up, self-employed, part-time, health shock, high blood pressure, neuroticism, smoking status, self-rated health and depressive symptoms at baseline

1,712

61.0 % (80.0 %)

43.4

43.7

Ferrie, 1997 GB [31]

Cohort study (subsample Whitehall-II)

1985 (9 years)

666

73.0 %a (81.2 %)

n.a.

76.7

Age, grade and baseline value of the variable

Flint, 2013 GB [32]

Cohort study

1991 (16 years)

10,494

92.0 %b (66.2 %)

n.a.

48.4

Age, age2, education, physical health problems, spousal joblessness, spousal GHQ-12, marital status, unemployed spells in past 12 months, residence in social housing, substance abuse, equivalised household income, permanent sickness

Green, 2011 AUS [33]

Cohort study

2001 (7 years)

13,969

93.5 % (93.3 %)

36.1

n.a.

Age, marital status, number of children, education, income, Employability if unemployed, re-employment difficulty, personal characteristics (extroversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience), long term health condition, others present in interview, regional Australia, remote Australia

Levenstein, 2001 USA [15]

Cohort study

1965 (29 years)

6,928

86.2 % (39.4 %)

n.a.

43.7

Age, gender, ethnicity, educational status, occupational status, not in labor force, depression and anomy score, BMI, smoking and alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity, having had a medical checkup within 2 years before the follow-up study.

Mandal 2011 USA [30]c

Cohort Study

1992 (14 years)

5994

81.6 (88.6 %)

54.8

48.8

Age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, suffered business closure, displaced x expectation, got married/partnered, got separated/divorced/widowed, change in housing assets, job tenure years, type of occupation, S&P 500 returns

Makikangas, 2011 FIN [34]

Cohort study (Finnish managers)

1996 (10 years)

1,035

64.0 % (38.8 %)

41.9

95.0

--

Mewes, 2013 GER [37]

Cross-sectional study

2007 (−−)

2,510

61.9 % (−−)

42.0

45.5

--

Perlman, 2009 RUS [41]

Cohort study

1994 (9 years)

17,154

88.8 % (59.6 %)

n.a.

52.6

Age, education, occupation, alcohol, smoking, material goods, age at entry, district in Russia, and cluster by household.

Zenger, 2013 GER [38]

Cross-sectional study

2010 (−−)

2,504

56.2 % (−−)

51.8

46.7

--

  1. aSince the response rate for the subsample of PSA-respondents was not available, the overall response-rate for the Whitehall-II sample was used; bData on the follow-up rate were looked up in the manual of the British Household Panel Survey (Taylor et al. 2010 [42]); cPooled results for age-groups 45–54 and 55–65
  2. Abbreviations: BMI Body-Mass-Index; GHQ General health Questionnaire; S&P 500 Standard and poor’s 500 stock market index
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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