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Table 3 Associations between risk factors and obesity in preschool children using multivariate conditional logistic regression

From: Family-related risk factors of obesity among preschool children: results from a series of national epidemiological surveys in China

Variables

Factor level of analysis

Survey 1996

Survey 2006

OR (95 % CI)

P

OR (95 % CI)

P

Birth weight

<2500, 2500–4000 (ref.), 4000

    
 

4000

-

-

1.609 (1.124–2.303)

0.0094

Gestational hypertension

No (ref.), yes

20.538 (3.453–122.698)

0.0009

2.412 (1.029–5.653)

0.0428

Appetite

Good, average (ref.), bad

    
 

Good

12.433 (5.562–27.793)

<0.0001

6.266 (4.521–8.686))

<0.0001

Eating speeda

Fast, average (ref.), slow

    
 

Fast

8.039 (3.599–17.960)

<0.0001

4.351 (3.131–6.046)

<0.0001

 

Slow

0.173 (0.054–0.555)

0.0032

0.343 (0.225–0.522)

<0.0001

Vegetable intake

Not at all, occasional, often

0.533 (0.334–0.850)

0.0082

-

-

Type/intensity of outdoor activitiesb

Running or jumping, walking or cycling, slow walking or sitting (ref.)

    
 

Running or jumping

0.191 (0.066–0.847)

0.0022

0.595 (0.445–0.795)

0.0004

Daily time for TV viewing c

Time (hr):≧2

    
 

1–2

-

-

1.339 (1.003–1.789)

0.0477

 

2

-

-

2.154 (1.455–3.188)

<0.0001

Father education

College and over, high school and below (ref.)

-

-

0.661 (0.494–0.886)

0.0056

Father BMId

<24 (ref.), 24

2.326 (1.279–4.232)

0.0057

2.124 (1.634–2.762)

<0.0001

Mother BMId

<24 (ref.), 24

2.495 (1.307–4.761)

0.0056

1.529 (1.089–2.146)

0.0142

Raising kids mainly by

Parents (ref.), grandparents, nannies

    
 

Grandparents

-

-

1.439 (1.050–1.973)

0.0236

Father family history of obesitye

No (ref.), yes

1.889 (1.045–3.414)

0.0352

-

-

  1. Numbers contributing to the multivariate analyses: 356 pairs of obese and non-obese children aged 3–7 years in 1996 and 1184 pairs in 2006
  2. Chi-squares of Likelihood ratio and Score for testing global null hypothesis: 300.95 (P <0.0001) and 208.52 (P <0.0001) for survey 1996 respectively and 851.44 (P <0.0001) and 644.02 (P <0.0001) for survey 2006 respectively
  3. BMI Body mass index, OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
  4. aEating speed, fast (<15 min), average (15–30), slow (30)
  5. bRunning including running, jumping, climbing stair, et al.; sitting meaning not or hardly playing when others did
  6. cTime for TV viewing including video game in 2006
  7. dBMI calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared based on self-reported weight and height, and overweight in Chinese adults was defined using the cutoffs of 24 kg/m2
  8. eObesity history among three generations of parents, including their grandparents, their parents and their siblings, brothers and sisters