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Table 1 Characteristics of studies on alcohol drinking and mortality

From: The relationship between mild alcohol consumption and mortality in Koreans: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First author (Year)

Study design

Study period (Follow-up duration)

Participants

Number of cases (death)

Measures of alcohol consumption

Risk estimate (Confidence Interval)

Criteria of mild drinking

All cause mortality

Kim 2007 [25]

Cohort

1995-2001 (6 years)

Aged ≥20

3,366 (228)

Status

Men

Women

n.r

None: 1.0

None: 1.0

Former:1.01 (0.57-1.77)

Former: 1.41 (0.62-3.05)

Current:0.75 (0.47-1.22)

Current: 1.69 (1.01-2.98)

Rhee 2012 [26]

Cohort

1993-2008 (15 years)

Men aged 40-59

14,533 (990)

Status

None; 1.0

n.r

Former: 1.17 (0.98-1.39)

Current: 1.40 (1.07-1.83)

Park 1999 [27]

Nest case–control

1993-1997 (4–5 years)

Aged ≥40

38,496 (19,258)

Frequency

None: 1.0

n.r

Occasional: 1.0 (0.94-1.06)

Frequently: 1.17 (1.1-1.26)

Sull 2009 [1]

Cohort

1985-2005 (20.8 years)

Men aged ≥55

2,624 (1,984)

Frequency

None: 1.0

n.r

Few time a month a : 1.03 (0.89-1.2)

Few time a weekb: 1.04 (0.93-1.16)

Daily: 1.25 (1.10-1.43)

Yi 2004 [28]

Cohort

1985-1999 (14 years)

Aged ≥55

6,292 (2,673)

Weekly amount

Men

Women

≤70 g/week

None; 1.0

None: 1.0

Low: 1.06 (0.92-1.23)

Low: 0.94 (0.77-1.15)

Moderate:1.09 (0.96-1.23)

Moderate:1.16 (0.77-1.74)

Heavy: 1.35 (1.14-1.60)

 

Khang 2009 [30]

Cohort

1998-2001 (3 years)

Aged ≥30

8,366 (310)

Monthly amount

None: 1.0

n.r

Former: 2.03(1.42-2.91)

Minimal: 0.60 (0.39-0.93)

Q1: 1.04 (0.62-1.68)

Q2: 1.09 (0.71-1.67)

Q3: 1.17 (0.78-1.76)

Q4: 1.23 (0.82-1.84)

Kim 2010 [31]

Cohort

2000-2005 (5 years)

Aged 40-69

1,341,393 (19,375)

Daily amount

Men

Women

<30 g/day for men

None: 1.0

None: 1.0

<15 g/day for women

1-14.9 g: 0.87 (0.84-0.91)

1-14.9 g: 0.99 (0.85-1.15)

15-29.9 g:0.88 (0.84-0.92)

≥15 g: 1.39 (1.08-1.79)

30-89.9 g:1.07 (1.02-1.13)

 

≥90 g: 1.29 (1.22-1.37)

 

Jeong 2012 [29]

Cohort

2005-2006 (1 year)

Aged ≥65

997 (113)

Weekly amount

None: 1.0

≤7drinks/week

Light: 0.08 (0.01-0.58)

Moderate: 1.15 (0.46-2.85)

Heavy: 1.44 (0.81-2.56)

Jung 2012 [24]

Cohort

1993-2004 (11 years)

Aged ≥20

16,320 (1,122)

Weekly amount

None: 1.18 (0.96-1.45)

≤90 g/week

0.1-90 g: 1.0

90.1-252 g: 1.29 (0.99-1.66)

252.1-504 g: 1.31 (1.00-1.71)

≥504.1 g: 1.39 (1.05-1.83)

Cancer-related mortality

Lim 2008 c [32]

Cohort

1993-1996 1995–2002 (2–7 years)

Aged ≥65

14,304 (112)

Status

None:1.0

≤24 g/day

Ex: 1.47 (0.87-2.47)

Current: 0.83 (0.53-1.31)

Lee 2002 [34]

Cohort

1985-1998 (13 years)

Aged ≥55

2,681 (253)

Weekly amount

None: 1.0

1-4 times/month

Light: 0.98 (0.64-1.50)

Moderate: 1.01 (0.69-1.48)

Heavy: 1.2 (0.89-1.62)

Jee 2004 d [36]

Cohort

1993-2002 (7–9 years)

Aged 30-95

1,283,112 (3,807)

Daily amount

Men

Women

1-24.9 g/day

None: 1.0

None: 1.0

1-24.9 g: 1.0 (0.9-1.1)

Drinker: 1.2 (0.9-1.5)

25-49.9 g: 1.0 (0.9-1.2)

 

50-99.9 g: 1.1 (0.9-1.4)

 

≥100 g: 1.4 (1.0-1.8)

 

Park 2006 [35]

Cohort

1996-2004 (9 years)

Men aged ≥ 20

14,578 (7,271)

Weekly amount

None: 1.0

n.r

1-124.1 g: 0.94 (0.88-1.00)

≥124.2 g: 1.05 (0.98-1.12)

Kim 2010 [31]

Cohort

2000-2005 (5 years)

Aged 40-69

1,341,393 (19,375)

Daily amount

Men

Women

<30 g/day for men

None: 1.0

None: 1.0

<15 g/day for women

1-14.9 g: 0.91 (0.85-0.97)

1-14.9 g: 0.99 (0.85-1.15)

15-29.9 g: 0.93 (0.87-1.0)

≥15 g: 1.39 (1.08-1.79)

30-89.9 g:1.06 (0.98-1.15)

 

≥90 g: 1.21 (1.11-1.33)

 

Kimm 2010e [33]

Cohort

1993-2006 (14 years)

Aged 30-93

782,632 (996)

Daily amount

None: 1.0

≤24 g/day

1-24 g: 1.9 (1.6-2.3)

25-49 g: 2.7 (2.1-3.5)

50-99 g: 3.7 (2.8-5.0)

≥100 g: 3.4 (2.2-5.3)

Yi 2010 f [37]

Cohort

1985-2005 (20.8 years)

Aged ≥55

6,291 (360)

Weekly amount

Men

Women

<138 g/week for men, <12 g/week for women

None: 1.0

None: 1.0

Low: 1.18 (0.83-1.69)

Low: 1.15 (0.53-2.51)

Moderate:1.06(0.73-1.56)

High: 1.63 (0.83-3.19)

High: 1.26 (0.88-1.82)

 

Jung 2012 [24]

Cohort

1993-2004 (11 years)

Aged ≥20s

16,320 (1,122)

Weekly amount

None: 1.55 (1.15-2.11)

≤90 g/week

0.1-90 g: 1.0

90.1-252 g: 1.7 (1.16-2.49)

252.1-504 g: 1.84 (1.24-2.72)

≥504.1 g: 2.07 (1.39-3.09)

Cardiovascular mortality

Meng 1987 [38]

Case–control study

1982-1983

Aged 35-65

910 (190)

Frequency

None: 1.0

1-2 times/month

1-2 times/month: 0.92

1-2 times/week: 1.09

3-4 times/week: 2.27

Everyday: 2.17

Sull 2009 [1]

Cohort

1985-2005 (20.8 years)

Men aged ≥55

2,624 (1,984)

Frequency

None: 1.0

n.r

Few times a month a : 0.98 (0.67-1.42)

Few times a weekb: 1.06 (0.82-1.37)

Daily: 1.36 (1.0-1.84)

Yi 2004 [28]

Cohort

1985-1999 (14 years)

Aged ≥55

6,292 (672)

Weekly amount

Men

Women

≤70 g/week

None: 1.0

None: 1.0

<70 g: 0.98 (0.69-1.37)

<70 g: 0.92 (0.61-1.38)

70-503.9 g: 1.06 (0.8-1.39)

≥70 g: 0.89 (0.33-2.4)

≥504 g: 1.52 (1.06-2.19)

 
  1. BP: blood pressure, FBS: fasting blood sugar, n.r: not reported, a: almost daily plus 2 to 3 times a week, b: 1 to 4 times a month, c: Colorectal cancer, d: Hepatocellular carcinoma, e: Esophageal cancer, f: Digestive cancer. The group in bold font was analyzed in review or meta-analysis