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Table 2 Distribution of characteristics by one- and multiple-testers and factors associated with multiple HIV-testing relative to one-time testers (N = 1451)

From: Frequency of HIV-testing and factors associated with multiple lifetime HIV-testing among a rural population of Zambian men

 

Details

Men with a history of ever-testing

One-time Testers (n, row %)

Multiple Testers (n, row %)

Minimally-adjusted PR (95 % CI)b

Adjusted PR (95 % CI)c

p-valued

Age

15-19

159 (11.0)

100 (62.9)

59 (37.1)

0.62 (0.48-0.76)

0.63 (0.49-0.77)

<0.01 (0.03)

20-29

489 (33.7)

195 (39.9)

294 (60.1)

1.0

1.0

30-39

405 (27.9)

151 (37.3)

254 (62.7)

1.06 (0.95-1.18)

1.05 (0.94-1.16)

 

≥40

398 (27.4)

171 (43.0)

227 (57.0)

0.95 (0.84-1.06)

0.95 (0.84-1.06)

Head of household

No

424 (29.2)

216 (50.9)

208 (49.1)

1.0

1.0

0.06

Yes

1027 (70.8)

401 (39.0)

626 (61.0)

1.15 (1.00-1.30)

1.13 (0.98-1.28)

Religion

Protestant

575 (39.6)

223 (38.8)

352 (61.2)

1.0

1.0

0.15

Catholic

386 (26.6)

180 (46.6)

206 (53.4)

0.87 (0.77-0.98)

0.89 (0.79-0.99)

SDA

235 (16.2)

100 (42.6)

135 (57.4)

0.90 (0.78-1.03)

0.89 (0.77-1.01)

Other

208 (14.3)

90 (43.3)

118 (56.7)

0.92 (0.79-1.05)

0.99 (0.86-1.11)

None

47 (3.2)

24 (51.1)

23 (48.9)

0.78 (0.54-1.02)

0.86 (0.62-1.09)

Marital status

Single

475 (32.7)

235 (49.5)

240 (50.5)

1.0

-

-

Married/cohabiting

905 (62.4)

353 (39.0)

552 (61.0)

1.15 (0.99-1.31)

Ever married

71 (4.9)

29 (40.8)

42 (59.2)

1.13 (0.87-1.40)

Education

No/Primary

589 (40.6)

270 (45.8)

319 (54.2)

1.0

1.0

 

Incomplete secondary

515 (35.5)

232 (45.0)

283 (55.0)

1.08 (0.96-1.21)

1.11 (0.99-1.24)

<0.01 (<0.01)

Secondary or higher

347 (23.9)

115 (33.1)

232 (66.9)

1.26 (1.11-1.41)

1.29 (1.13-1.44)

 

Occupation

None

555 (38.2)

289 (52.1)

266 (47.9)

1.0

1.0

<0.01

Agriculture (others land)

351 (24.2)

155 (44.2)

196 (55.8)

1.11 (0.96-1.27)

1.10 (0.95-1.26)

Agriculture (own land)

320 (22.1)

97 (30.3)

223 (69.7)

1.46 (1.28-1.65)

1.45 (1.27-1.63)

Services/Professional

225 (15.5)

76 (33.8)

149 (66.2)

1.27 (1.09-1.46)

1.19 (1.00-1.37)

SEP Group

Lowest

263 (18.1)

104 (39.5)

159 (60.5)

1.0

-

-

Low

264 (18.2)

121 (45.8)

143 (54.2)

0.91 (0.77-1.04)

Middle

336 (23.2)

150 (44.6)

186 (55.4)

0.90 (0.77-1.04)

High

311 (21.4)

139 (44.7)

172 (55.3)

0.92 (0.78-1.06)

Highest

277 (19.1)

103 (37.2)

174 (62.8)

1.05 (0.88-1.21)

Present continuously previous 6mths

No

60 (4.1)

23 (38.3)

37 (61.7)

1.0

-

-

Yes

1391 (95.9)

594 (42.7)

797 (57.3)

0.91 (0.72-1.09)

History of TB treatment

No

1383 (95.3)

580 (41.9)

803 (58.1)

1.0

1.0

0.62

Yes

68 (4.7)

37 (54.4)

31 (45.6)

0.76 (0.55-0.97)

1.06 (0.84-1.28)

HIV Status

Negative

1297 (93.0)

507 (39.1)

790 (60.9)

1.0

1.0

<0.01

Positive

98 (7.0)

84 (85.7)

14 (14.3)

0.20 (0.10-0.31)

0.22 (0.11-0.33)

Spousal Characteristics (N = 517)

Currently pregnant

No

443 (85.7)

175 (39.5)

268 (60.5)

1.0

--

--

Yes

74 (14.3)

30 (40.5)

44 (59.5)

0.97 (0.77-1.17)

Has Children

No

No

20 (3.9)

13 (65.0)

1.0

-

-

Yes

Yes

497 (96.1)

299 (60.2)

0.93 (0.60-1.26)

Wife previously HIV-tested

No

24 (4.6)

14 (58.3)

10 (41.7)

1.0

1.0

0.32

Yes

493 (95.4)

191 (38.7)

303 (61.3)

1.44 (0.75-2.12)

1.19 (0.73-1.66)

Cluster-level Characteristics

>50 % of men employed

No

578 (39.8)

273 (47.2)

305 (52.8)

1.0

1.0

0.29

Yes

873 (60.2)

344 (39.4)

529 (60.6)

1.15 (0.97-1.34)

1.09 (0.92-1.25)

 

>25 % mention 3+ ways to prevent HIV infection

No

711 (49.0)

268 (37.7)

443 (62.3)

1.0

1.0

0.05

Yes

740 (51.0)

349 (47.2)

391 (52.8)

0.84 (0.72-0.95)

0.86 (0.74-0.98)

 

HIV Prevalence

<10 %

1160 (79.9)

483 (41.6)

677 (58.4)

1.0

-

-

10 %+

291 (20.1)

134 (46.0)

157 (54.0)

0.96 (0.79-1.13)

ART Available at Health Facilitya

No

676 (49.3)

309 (45.7)

367 (54.3)

1.0

-

-

Yes

694 (50.7)

276 (39.8)

418 (60.2)

1.09 (0.95-1.24)

  1. a81 missing data N = 1370; bAdjusted for age, urban/rural residence and district; cAdjusted for variables higher in the conceptual framework (Fig. 1); dFor adjusted model and based on LRT, p-value in brackets is assuming linear trend
  2. eN=1395 as 56 men were missing data on self-reported HIV status