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Table 1 Distribution of characteristics by never- and multiple-testers and factors associated with multiple HIV-testing relative to never-testers (N = 1751)

From: Frequency of HIV-testing and factors associated with multiple lifetime HIV-testing among a rural population of Zambian men

 

Details

Multiple-testers & never-testers (n, col %)

Never-Testers (n, row %)

Multiple Testers (n, row %)

Minimally-adjusted PR (95 % CI)b

Adjusted PR (95 % CI)c

p-valued

Age

15-19

387 (22.1)

328 (84.8)

59 (15.2)

0.28 (0.21-0.36)

0.29 (0.22-0.37)

<0.01

20-29

553 (31.6)

259 (46.8)

294 (53.2)

1.0

1.0

30-39

391 (22.3)

137 (35.0)

254 (65.0)

1.23 (1.09-1.36)

1.25 (1.12-1.39)

(<0.01)

≥40

420 (24.0)

193 (46.0)

227 (54.0)

1.02 (0.89-1.14)

1.04 (0.91-1.16)

Head of household

No

680 (38.8)

472 (69.4)

208 (30.6)

1.0

1.0

0.06

Yes

1071 (61.2)

445 (41.5)

626 (58.5)

1.28 (1.09-1.46)

1.15 (0.97-1.32)

Religion

Protestant

684 (39.1)

332 (48.5)

352 (51.5)

1.0

1.0

0.01

Catholic

435 (24.8)

229 (52.6)

206 (47.4)

0.89 (0.78-1.00)

0.91 (0.80-1.01)

SDA

257 (14.7)

122 (47.5)

135 (52.5)

1.01 (0.88-1.15)

0.98 (0.85-1.11)

Other

305 (17.4)

187 (61.3)

118 (38.7)

0.78 (0.66-0.90)

0.83 (0.71-0.96)

None

70 (4.0)

47 (67.1)

23 (32.9)

0.59 (0.38-0.79)

0.69 (0.47-0.90)

Marital status

Single

762 (43.5)

522 (68.5)

240 (31.5)

1.0

1.0

0.02

Married/cohabiting

913 (52.1)

361 (39.5)

552 (60.5)

1.33 (1.12-1.53)

1.23 (1.03-1.43)

Ever married

76 (4.3)

34 (44.7)

42 (55.3)

1.26 (0.94-1.59)

1.30 (0.99-1.61)

Education

No/Primary

745 (42.5)

426 (57.2)

319 (42.8)

1.0

1.0

 

Incomplete secondary

649 (37.1)

366 (56.4)

283 (43.6)

1.29 (1.13-1.44)

1.26 (1.11-1.40)

<0.01

Secondary or higher

357 (20.4)

125 (35.0)

232 (65.0)

1.61 (1.41-1.81)

1.59 (1.38-1.81)

(<0.01)

Occupation

None

802 (45.8)

536 (66.8)

266 (33.2)

1.0

1.0

<0.01

Agriculture (others land)

378 (21.6)

182 (48.1)

196 (51.9)

1.17 (0.99-1.34)

1.11 (0.94-1.27)

Agriculture (own land)

357 (20.4)

134 (37.5)

223 (62.5)

1.39 (1.19-1.60)

1.30 (1.11-1.48)

Services/Professional

214 (12.2)

65 (30.4)

149 (69.6)

1.53 (1.30-1.77)

1.29 (1.08-1.50)

SEP Group

Lowest

343 (19.6)

184 (53.6)

159 (46.4)

1.0

1.0

0.06

Low

331 (18.9)

188 (56.8)

143 (43.2)

1.01 (0.83-1.18)

0.99 (0.93-1.14)

Middle

365 (20.8)

179 (49.0)

186 (51.0)

1.24 (1.03-1.44)

1.19 (1.02-1.37)

High

361 (20.6)

189 (52.4)

172 (47.6)

1.21 (1.01-1.42)

1.09 (0.92-1.26)

Highest

351 (20.0)

177 (50.4)

174 (49.6)

1.32 (1.08-1.55)

1.04 (0.84-1.25)

Present continuously previous 6mths

No

87 (5.0)

50 (57.5)

37 (42.5)

1.0

-

-

Yes

1664 (95.0)

867 (52.1)

797 (47.9)

1.12 (0.85-1.40)

  

History of TB treatment

No

1702 (97.2)

899 (52.8)

803 (47.2)

1.0

-

-

Yes

49 (2.8)

18 (36.7)

31 (63.3)

1.15 (0.88-1.43)

-

-

Spousal Characteristics (N = 511)

Currently pregnant

No

447 (87.6)

179 (40.0)

268 (60.0)

1.0

-

-

Yes

63 (12.4)

19 (30.2)

44 (69.8)

1.16 (0.95-1.38)

Has Children

No

27 (5.3)

14 (51.9)

13 (48.2)

1.0

1.0

0.20

Yes

483 (94.7)

183 (37.9)

300 (62.1)

1.34 (0.76-1.91)

1.26 (0.76-1.76)

Wife previously HIV-tested

No

56 (11.0)

46 (82.1)

10 (17.9)

1.0

1.0

<0.01

Yes

454 (89.0

151 (33.3)

303 (66.7)

3.53 (1.50-5.57)

3.02 (1.37-4.66)

Cluster-level Characteristics

>50 % of men employed

No

684 (39.1)

379 (55.4)

305 (44.6)

1.0

-

-

Yes

1067 (60.9)

538 (50.4)

529 (49.6)

1.10 (0.91-1.29)

-

-

>25 % mention 3+ ways to prevent HIV infection

No

878 (50.1)

435 (49.5)

443 (50.5)

1.0

-

-

Yes

873 (49.9)

482 (55.2)

391 (44.8)

0.90 (0.76-1.04)

-

-

HIV Prevalence

<10 %

1381 (78.9)

704 (51.0)

677 (49.0)

1.0

1.0

0.14

10 %+

370 (21.1)

213 (57.6)

157 (42.4)

0.87 (0.70-1.03)

0.87 (0.70-1.04)

ART Available at Health Facilitya

No

858 (51.8)

491 (57.2)

367 (42.8)

1.0

1.0

<0.01

Yes

799 (48.2)

381 (47.7)

418 (52.3)

1.30 (1.12-1.48)

1.29 (1.12-1.45)

  1. a94 missing data N = 1657; bAdjusted for age, urban/rural residence and district; cAdjusted for variables higher in the conceptual framework (Fig. 1); dFor adjusted model and based on LRT, p-value in brackets is assuming linear trend
  2. eever-married means either widowed, separated or divorced