Table 3 Summary of results for incidence or prevalence of NCD risk factors
Author, year | Population | Outcome | Results | Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Obesity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
|  |  |  | Prevalence (overweight [obesity]) in urban area (n = 1): | |
Ekpenyong and Akpan, 2013 [19] | Adults in Nigeria | Prevalence of overweight and obesity | Low SES: 24.8 % [12.9 %]; Medium SES: 18.9 % [5.7 %]; High SES: 14.6 % [4.9 %] | High |
| Â | Â | Â | Prevalence: | |
Papandreou et al., 2008 [13] | Children and adults in Mediterranean countries | Prevalence of obesity | Children HIC vs MIC: 11.5 % vs 3.9 % (p = 0.071) [m]; 7.2 % vs 3.2 % (p = 0.074) [w] | High |
Adults HIC vs MIC: 20.1 % vs 22.0 % (p = 0.62) [m]; 24.4 % vs 30.2 % (p = 0.368) [w] | ||||
Shrewsbury and Wardle, 2008 [12] | Children in HIC | Prevalence of childhood obesity | 19 out of 45 studies found higher obesity prevalence rates among those with low SES (all indicators), 12 studies found no and 14 varied associations. | High |
15 out of 20 studies found higher obesity prevalence rates among those with low education, 1 study found no, and 4 varied associations. | ||||
5 out of 13 studies found higher obesity prevalence rates among those with low occupation, 6 studies found no, and 2 varied associations. | ||||
4 out of 11 studies found higher obesity prevalence rates among those with low income, 3 studies found no, and 4 varied associations. | ||||
2 out of 5 studies found higher obesity prevalence rates among those with low SES (composite measures), 1 study found no, and 2 varied associations. | ||||
2 out of 7 studies found higher obesity prevalence rates among those with low neighbourhood SES, 3 studies found no, and 2 varied associations. | ||||
Tamayo et al., 2010 [18] | General population in HIC | Prevalence or incidence of overweight and obesity in later childhood/life | 5 studies showed no direct or a small influence of education on later childhood overweight and obesity, 2 studies showed an increased risk for overweight and obesity in the lowest education strata. | High |
No or small associations between occupation and overweight or obesity were found in 4 studies, of which 2 reported on adult overweight and obesity. 2 studies reported an increased risk of later childhood overweight and obesity in the lowest occupation strata. | ||||
3 studies observed effects regarding income discrepancies and later childhood overweight and obesity, 2 studies showed no associations. | ||||
| Â | Â | Â | Prevalence ratios (NHANESa data): | |
Wang and Beydoun, 2007 [14] | US adults and children | Prevalence of overweight and obesity | Adults (obesity) Low vs high SES: 1.6 (m), 3.4 (w) in 1971–74; 1.1 (m), 1.3 (w) in 1999–2000. | High |
Children aged 2–9 y (overweight) Low vs high SES: 1.9 (m), 0.8 (f) in 1971–75; 1.8 (m), 1.0 (f) in -1999–2002. | ||||
Children aged 10–17 y (overweight) Low vs high SES: 0.8 (m), 2.0 (f) in 1971–75; 1.1 (m), 1.6 (f) in 1999–2002. | ||||