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Table 6 Estimated unadjusted odds ratios (OR) using multilevel unordered multinomial regression for patterns of health compromising behaviurs (N = 1046)

From: The different effects of neighbourhood and individual social capital on health-compromising behaviours in women during pregnancy: a multi-level analysis

 

Stable risk behaviour group (Ref: Stable healthy behaviour)

Positive behavioural change (Ref: Stable risk behaviour)

 

Smoking

Alcohol consumption

Inadequate diet

Smoking

Alcohol consumption

Inadequate diet

ORa (95 % CI)

ORa (95 % CI)

ORa (95 % CI)

ORa (95 % CI)

ORa (95 % CI)

ORa (95 % CI)

Neighbourhood-level variables

      

Neighbourhood social capital

      

  Low social capital   (1st tertile)

0.79 (0.48; 1.33)

1.82 (0.77; 4.32)

1.53 (1.08; 2.17)

1.07 (0.60; 1.02)

0.66 (0.30; 1.42)

0.71 (0.52;0.97)

  Moderate social capital   (2nd tertile)

1.05 (0.66; 1.67)

1.83 (0.79; 4.24)

1.05 (0.72; 1.54)

1.17 (0.69; 1.97)

0.66 (0.31; 1.38)

0.99 (0.72; 1.38)

Social class

      

  Low social class   (1st tertile)

1.35 (0.80; 2.29)

1.65 (0.77; 3.54)

1.69 (1.18; 2.41)

0.52 (0.29; 0.92)

0.66 (0.30; 1.42)

0.58 (0.42; 0.80)

  Moderate social class   (2nd tertile)

1.79 (1.09; 2.92)

0.84 (0.35; 2.01)

1.39 (0.96; 2.01)

0.51 (0.31; 0.87)

0.67 (0.31; 1.38)

0.61 (0.45; 0.83)

Individual-level variables

      

Individual Social Capital

      

  Social support   (per 10 points)

0.98 (0.97; 0.99)

0.98 (0.97; 1.00)

0.98 (0.97; 0.99)

1.02 (1.01; 1.03)

1.00 (0.99; 1.02)

1.13 (1.04; 1.22)

  Social network

      

   0–1 relatives

1.99 (1.26; 3.14)

0.86 (0.44; 1.66)

1.46 (1.08; 1.98)

0.45 (0.29; 0.71)

1.52 (0.79; 2.92)

1.46 (1.11; 1.91)

  Social network

      

   0–1 friends

0.91 (0.58; 1.43)

0.83 (0.40; 1.69)

1.72 (1.21; 2.45)

0.87 (0.53; 1.43)

1.05 (0.53; 2.09)

0.94 (0.69; 1.28)

Socioeconomic variables

      

  Marital status

      

   Has a partner, not living    with him

1.16 (0.72; 1.86)

1.16 (0.53; 2.52)

0.93 (0.65; 1.33)

0.97 (0.57; 1.65)

1.73 (0.89; 3.36)

1.18 (0.87; 1.61)

   Single without partner

2.52 (1.25; 5.08)

1.66 (0.49; 5.68)

2.40 (1.35; 4.26)

0.91 (0.41; 2.02)

1.04 (0.31; 3.58)

0.59 (0.33; 1.07)

  Family income

      

   < 1 BMWb

1.06 (0.69;1.64)

0.99 (0.48; 2.03)

2.27 (1.67; 3.08)

0.85 (0.51; 1.40)

0.39 (0.17; 0.94)

0.64 (0.48; 0.85)

  Years of schooling

      

   0–4 years

3.74 (2.05; 6.81)

0.64 (0.14; 3.04)

2.22 (1.44; 3.44)

0.42 (0.22; 0.81)

1.11 (0.41; 3.00)

0.51 (0.34; 0.76)

   5–8 years

2.65 (1.60; 4.37)

2.82 (1.30; 60.8)

1.92 (1.38; 2.67)

0.49 (0.30; 0.81)

0.30 (0.15; 0.57)

0.59 (0.44; 0.78)

Number of children

      

2 children

1.07 (0.65; 1.75)

1.57 (0.74; 3.34)

0.92 (0.65; 1.31)

0.81 (0.48; 1.38)

0.68 (0.34; 1.35)

0.87 (0.64; 1.18)

3 or more children

1.80 (1.11; 2.90)

1.30 (0.56; 3.04)

1.37 (0.95; 1.97)

0.56 (0.32; 0.98)

0.52 (0.22; 1.25)

0.78 (0.56; 1.08)

 Occupational context

      

   Without paid work

1.20 (0.79; 1.81)

2.11 (0.99; 4.52)

1.92 (1.42; 2.63)

1.14 (0.71; 1.84)

0.41 (0.22; 0.77)

0.85 (0.65; 1.12)

Demographic variables

      

  Age

      

   13–19

0.67 (0.35; 1.27)

3.37 (0.92; 12.41)

2.17 (1.37; 3.46)

1.83 (0.92; 3.67)

0.33 (0.14; 0.75)

0.78 (0.52; 1.18)

   20–30

0.80 (0.49; 1.33)

2.76 (0.82; 9.26)

1.52 (1.01; 2.27)

1.26 (0.69; 2.31)

0.20 (0.10; 0.43)

0.93 (0.66; 1.31)

  Ethnicity

      

   Brown

1.19 (0.73; 1.93)

1.61 (0.74; 3.50)

1.83 (1.29; 2.61)

0.63 (0.39; 1.93)

0.70 (0.36; 1.39)

0.71 (0.53; 0.96)

   Black

1.53 (0.90; 2.60)

1.28 (0.50;   3.28)

1.92 (1.29; 2.87)

0.35 (0.18; 0.68)

0.58 (0.23; 1.45)

0.69 (0.48; 0.97)

  1. Reference categories are in Table 3
  2. aOR were estimated using unordered multinomial logit model
  3. b1 Brazilian Minimal Wage (BMW) = US$ 178.00 in 2008