Table 4 Main chronic health conditions of the 4 groups

Infectious diseases

8.9

7.6-10.4

8.1

6.8-9.6

4.4

1.6-9.3

17.1

11.3-24.4

<0.001

NS

  HIV (B20-B24-Z21)

2.7

1.9-3.6

2.1

1.1-2.9

1.5

0.1-5.2

9.0

5.0-15.3

<0.001

NS

0.3 [56]

  Hepatitis B (B16 B18)

1.5

1.0-2.2

1.6

1.0-2.3

0.0

0-2.6

0.7

0.01-3.9

NS

NS

0.3 [57]

  Hepatitis C (B17 B18.2)

5.0

4.1-6.2

4.6

3.6-5.6

2.9

0.8-7.3

10.7

6.1-17.0

0.002

NS

0.7-1 [57]

  Tuberculosis (A15 A16)

0.36.

0.13-0.78

0.4

0.08-0.7

0.0

0.0

NS

NS

0.007 [56]

  Tuberculosis sequelae (B90)

0.66

0.33-1.17

0.7

0.3-1.1

0.0

0.0

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system (M10 M15 M54 M54.4)

12.8

11.2-14.5

12.8

11.1-14.5

21.3

14.7-29.2

12.8

7.8-19.5

NS

0.002

  Back pain only (M54 M54.4)

9.0

7.8-10-6

9.0

7.6-10.6

14.7

9.2-21.8

10.7

6.1-17.0

NS

0.020

8.8 for 34 < age < 44; 11.9 for 55 < age < 64 [58]

Diseases of the digestive system (K21 K25-K 26 K29 K58 K70)

7.6

6.4-9.0

7.6

6.4-9.1

11.7

6.9-18.4

7.1

3.4-12.7

NS

NS

Diseases of the circulatory system (I05-I09 I10 I20 I25 I50 I87.2)

6.5

5.4-7.8

6.3

5.2-7.7

33.0

25.2-41.6

7.8

4.0-13.62

NS

<0.001

  Hypertension (I10)

5.5

4.3-6.6

5.3

4.2-6.5

25.7

18.6-33.9

6.4

2.9-11.8

NS

<0.001

2.2-8.1 for age < 49; 23.6 for 50 < age < 64 [59]

Skin problems (B36.0 D10-D36 L20-30 L40 L50 L70)

8.1

6.8-9.5

8.3

6.9-9.8

5.8

2.5-11.2

5.7

2.5-11

NS

NS

Endocrine diseases (E66 E10-14 E78)

5.1

4.1-6.2

5.2

4.1-6.4

22.8

16.0-30.7

4.3

15.9-9.1

NS

<0.001

  Diabetes (E10-14)

2.1

1.5-2.9

2.1

1.5-3.0

13.23

8.0-20.1

2.1

0.4-6.1

NS

<0.001

0.6-1.8 for age < 49; 5.8 for 50 < age < 64 [59]

Diseases of the respiratory system (J30 J32 J41 J45)

5.5

4.4-6.7

5.4

4.3-6.6

9.5

5.2-15.8

6.4

3-11.9

NS

0.029

  Asthma (J45)

2.3

1.7-3.2

2.1

1.4-2.9

2.9

0.8-7.3

5.0

2.0-10.0

0.030

NS

2.5 for age 30-39 yrs [60]

  Bronchitis (J41)

2.1

1.5-2.9

2.2

1.5-3.1

5.9

2.5-11.2

1.4

0.1-5.0

NS

0.002

Diseases of the nervous system (G40 G43.0)

1.4

0.9-2.0

1.1

0.6-1.8

2.2

0.4-6.3

4.2

1.5-9

0.002

NS

  Migraines (G43.0)

0.7

0.3-1.2

0.4

0.1-0.8

0.7

0.1-4.0

4.2

1.5-9.0

<0.001

NS

7.7 for age < 24-9.3 for age < 44 [58]

Self-reported subs. misuse or dependence

  Drug misuse

32.2

29.6-34.5

32.0

29.6-34.3

5.9

2.5-11.2

35.0

27.1-43.5

NS

<0.001

Cannabis: men 12; women 4 15 < age < 34 [61]

  Pharmaceutical misuse

10.8

9.3-12.3

10.2

8.7-11.7

4.0

1.6-9.3

16.0

10.7-23.6

0.024

0.013

  Alcohol misuse

18.9

17.0-20.8

19.0

16.9-20.9

24.2

17.3-32.5

17.8

11.9-25.2

NS

NS

  Cigarette misuse

46.4

43.9-48.8

46.9

44.4-49.4

38.9

30.7-47.7

40.0

31.8-48.6

NS

28.2 % in 2012 [59]; 32.4 for men; 24.2 for women;

Any drug, pharmaceutical, or alcohol misuse

40.8

38.4-43.1

40.7

38.2-43.2

29.4

21.9-37.8

42.1

33.8-50.7

NS

0.005